LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 






UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A. 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA 



FOR THE USE OK 



Immigrants and Capitalists. 



PRErARED UNDER THE DTRECTI»)M «:>F 



Thomas P. Janes. A. M., M. D. 



Commissioner of Agriculture. 






ATLA:^TA, GEORGIA, 



Entered accordiiig to Act of Congress, 1878, 

By THOMAS P. JANES, 

111 tbe office of the Librarian of Cougress, Washington. 



<Ja?. p. Harrison & Co. 
Printer?!, Athmta, Gu. 



EHEATA. 

On page 7, the 2nd paragraph, commencing with the 
words, " In nothing regarding us," etc., is the beginning of 
a chapter on CLIMATE. This title was omitted by the 
printer, and not observed by the proof-reader, till it w^as too 
late to correct it. 

On page 36, at the end of the 4th paragraph, the number 
of students in the Atlanta University is left hlanh. This 
should have been filled with 2M — the number attending 
the late session. 

On the same page, at the end of the 4:th line, under the 
title " Female Colleges," the words " in Georgia " should 
be in the werld. 

To the list of newspapers in Georgia, (see page 52, 53 
and 54) should be added — 

Cartersville — Free Press^ weekly. 

Hinesville, (Liberty county) — Gazette^ weekly. 

Dupont, (Clinch county) — OkeefinoMan^ weekly. 

There are some typographical errors, but being of minor 
importance, they are not specially noticed. 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Georgia, although ix State of the American Uuion since the year 
1776, vv^hen she united with her sister colonies in their memorable 
struggle for independence of the British Crown, is, perhaps, less 
known in foreign lands, and to their inhabitants who have sought 
homes in the Western World, than any other Sjate which engaged 
with her in the revolution. The cause is readily explained : She 
lies geographically remote from the old thoroughfares of in- 
ternational commerce ; no lines of steamships have connected her 
directly with the ports of Europe and, as a consequence, but few 
immigrants from the Old World have landed on her shores. She 
has had no public lands to be distributed among railroad corpora- 
tions and speculators, whose interest was to be advanced by their 
speedy settlement with a new and industrious population. She 
has had no Immigration Aid Societies, so abundant in the North- 
ern States of the Union, and no Immigration A^genls, who swarm 
over Europe from the same section, to publish her unrivaled ad- 
vantages to the world. Peaceful and prosperous until the late 
civil war consumed her wealth and drenched the land with the 
blood of her people; with labor abundant, its natural increase un- 
exampled, and its rewards satisfactory, Georgia had no motive to 
seek immigration from foreign lands. Her prosperity needed no 
building up. She asked for no foreign capital for she had an 
abundance of her own. 

Still another reason is to be found in the pecular labor system of 
the Southern States, including Georgia, in former years. During 
the existence of African slavery the people cultivated large farms 
or plantations— in many instances thousands of acres under one 
proprietorship— and as the number of slaves increased annually, 
with prosperous farmers, they preferred rather to atld to, than to 
part with any portion of their landed posssesions. Under the free 
labor system, requiring a closer personal supervison from proprie- 
tors, the latter have found it to their interest to cultivate small 
farms in preference to large ones ; hence, land is in less demand, 
larger quantities are on the market at greatly reduced prices, and 
an increase of population has become desirable. 

Such are some of the reasons why Georgia has been content here- 
tofore to pursue the even tenor of her way, and to work out lier 
own destiny within herself. Unaided, she had come to acquire 
the proud title of " Empire State of the South," which, of itself, is 



2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— GEORGIA. [64] 

an eloquent testimonial to her material wealth, her political and 
moral standing, her intelligence and her energy, as compared 
with her sister States of the southern division of the Union. 

But the results- of late, long and disastrous war, have sadly 
cl.anged tliis happy aspect of affairs. Her territory was desolated, 
her bf^tter class of population reduced in numbers, her accumu- 
lated wealth swept away, her social institutions revolutionized, 
and for a time reversed, and her labor system broken up. Her na- 
tural resources, her energy and her love of liberty, alone, remained 
unimpaired. Her government has been restored to a healthful 
condition, and law and justice obtain throughout her borders. But 
her labor system'^ is not well organized, and her capital seriously 
reduced in amount; as a necessary consequence, a large portion of 
her fertile fields is uncultivated, her exhaustless mines of the use- 
ful and precious metals are but partially worked, and her noble 
forests of timber are but partially utilized. Never was a field for 
both capital and labor more inviting. The resources of Georgia 
have only to be known to attract to her the idle capital of other 
countries as well as our own, and an industrious population to 
utilize it in almost every known branch of human industry. 

Animated by these considerations, although it may not be ex- 
pressly laid down in the catalogue of my official duties contained 
in the law creating the Department of Agriculture of the ^tate of 
Georgia, as Commissioner and executive head of that Department, 
I feel it to be due to my State that this desideratvm, the absence 
of which is operating so injuriously to her best interest and pro- 
gress, should be supplied, and perhaps, by no one more appro- 
priately than myself. The representations of parties personally 
interested are always regarded with more or less distrust; while 
an official statement of facts, obtained from sources known to be 
trustworthy, by a sworn, responsibible officer of the government, 
is entitled to, and will generally command, the attention and con- 
fidence of the public. 

In the preparation of this Manual- the object of which is to 
show the superior advantages which Georgia offers to (he capital- 
ist and the immigrant, I have sought to avoid all exaggeration, 
and to exclude everything that was even doubtful. I have, there- 
fore, confined its statements to facts, such as every intelligent and 
well-informed citizen of the State will be willing to vouch for. If 
the picture is not more glowing, it is simply because I am deter- 
mined that no one shall be misled by its statements. 

With this introduction, which is necessary to a correct under- 
standing of the object in view in the preparation of the work, I 
proceed to consider the State of Georgia in the various aspects in 
which it is likely to interest the public, and especially the several 
classes to which reference has been made. And, that the exposi- 
tion may not be tiresome, the utmost brevity is promised. 



PART I, 



'GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA. 

The State of Georgia lies in the southeastern portion of the 
tFnited States, and, with Florida, constitutes the extreme portion 
■of the American Union in that direction. In the original settle- 
ment, its chartered limits extended from the Atlantic ocean to the 
Mississippi river, with the 35th parallel of north latitutude as its 
■northern boundary, and the 31st parallel and Florida as its bound- 
ary on the South, Early in the present century, a very large 
portion of this territory westward— nearly two-thirds— was ceded 
to the United States, and out of it, in great part, have since been 
formed the two new States of Alabama and Mississippi. 

From the above, it will be seen that the entire State lies within 
the southern portion of the Temperate zone, and, as a consequence, 
is exempt, alike, from the rigors and other discomforts and disad- 
vantages of a cold climate and the debility and^diseases incident 
to tropical regions. It may be said, with perfect truth, that there 
is no part of the known world where a greater degree of physical 
comfort can be secured the year round, or where a greater amount 
of labor can be performed in the usual vocations within the 
same period of time, than in Georgia. But these points will be 
more fully treated under their appropriate heads. 

The geographical situation of Georgia is worthy of note in an* 
other, the commercial view, of the question. The 32d parallel of 
north latitude passes nearly through the centre of the State ; the 
great southern trans-continental line of railway, to connect the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a communication uninterrupted by 
snows in winter, and open the year round, has been located on and 
near that parallel. Savannah, Georgia's principal seaport, is but 
15^ north of that line, and is destined to become the eastern ter- 
minus of this great highway of trade. It is 943 miles nearer to San 
Diego, on the California coast, than New York— the eastern ter- 
minus of the northern lines— is to San Francisco ; the distance be- 
tween the two latter cities being 3,456 miles, while the distance 
between the two former is only 2,512 miles. This road will be com- 
pleted in a very few years, and its beneficial effects upon the trade 
and general prosperity of Georgia are too obvious to require com- 
ment. The fiicts stated show that this southern line is destined to 
become the favorite highway of the Pacific trade, including that 



4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRTCtTLTURE — GEORGIA. [66^ 

of China and Japan, with the ports of Georgia as its ehief entrepotis^ 
in the East. 

Georgia, from her geographical relations^ is also the natural 
highway to the teeming product& of the great agricultural heart of 
the country— the Mississippi Valley. A straight line from St. Louisy 
or the mouth of the Ohio, shows that the Atlantic coast of Geor- 
gia is much nearer and more accessible to the commerce of the 
West than that of any other State in the Union. Several lines of 
railway t>etween these two sections are already in successful ope- 
ration; while a projected canal from the Tennessee river to the 
head of navigation on the Altamaha tributaries in Georgia, will 
afTord ample water transportation to the commerce of the West 
seeking European markets, and, in pointof time, speedier than that 
hitherto employed — the circuitous route '^ia the Mississippi river 
and the Gulf of Mexico. This canal route has been surveyed by 
direction of Congress, its practi( ability and cheapness fully deter- 
mined, and its construction made a simple question of time. 

TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND CAPACITY FOR 
POPULATION. 

Georgia is ample in her domain. The State has an average 
length (north and south) of about 300 miles, and an average breadth 
(east and west) of about 200 miles, and is, with the exception of 
Florida, the largest of the American States east of the Mississippi 
River. The superficial area is 58,000 square miles, or, by land 
measurement, 37,120,000 acres Nearly the whole of this vast sur- 
face is susceptible of profitable tillage ; those portions that are too 
mountainous, and the irreclaimable swamps, including the salt 
marshes along the coast, being estimated at only about one per 
cent. There is no sterile land in Georgia, and it may be safely 
said that no portion of the globe of equal extent is capable of pro- 
ducing more to satisfy the wants of man. 

We have seen that the State has an area of 58,000 square miles. 
Her population, occording to the last census, taken in 1870, was, in 
round numbers, 1,184,000, or a fraction over 20 to the square mile. 
Allowing her producing capacity to be only equal to that of other 
nations, we may form some idea of the additional population she 
is capable of sustaining, by a comparison of the above figures with 
those of other countries. As we only wish to illustrate, we shall 
name but a few that are well known to the civilized world : 

England, with an area of 50,300 square miles, or less than that 
of Georgia by nearly 8,000, supports a population of 21,290,000, or 
over nineteen times greater than that of Georgia. 

Ireland, with an area of 32,530 square miles, being a little over 



C67] 



MA^^tJAL OF GEORGIA. 



half the size of Geor^xia, sustains a population of 5,412,000, or nearly 
Hve times greater than that of Georgia. 

Norway and Sweden, with aiv area of 294,000 square miles, or 
about five times that of Georgia, have about the same population 
•to the square mile, with, perhaps, not one tenth the same pro- 
ductive capacity. 

France, with an area of 204,000 square miles,. €>r less than four 
times as great as that of Georgia, supports a population of 36, 103,- 
000, or over thirty times as great as that of Georgia. 

Hohand, with an area of 12,700 square miles, or a little more 
than one-fifth that of Georgia,supports a population of 3,810,000, 
or over three times that of Georgia. 

Belgium, with an area of 11,370 square miles, or less than one- 
fifth that of Georgia, supports a population of 5,337,000, or nearly 
ifive times that of Georgia. 

Switzerland, with an area of 15,990 square miles, mostly moun- 
tainous, or about three and a half times less than that of Georgia, 
<has a population of 2,C5O,O0O, or over double that of Georgia. 

Prussia, with an area of 136,100 square miles, or about two and 
■a third times greater tlian that of Georgia, sustains a population 
-of 25,773,000, or about twenty-five times that of Georgia. 

These comparisons — in some instances with countries whose cli- 
mates and topographical eonditious are unfavorable to production, 
as for instance, Switzerland, and Norway and Sweden — will serve 
to show the vast reserved capabilities of Georgia, and what immense 
additions might be made to her present population without crowd- 
iing to an extent where subsistence would be insuflficient, or even 
•difficult. 

FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 

The nominal divisions of the State are three-fold, to- wit : Lower, 
Middle, and Upper Georgia. These correspond, in the order stated, 
with the three great natural divisions, viz : the low country, the 
Hill country and the mountain region. 

Lower Georgia lies below the line crossing the heads of naviga- 
*tion of the rivers, a p ;rtion of which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, 
and a portion into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest of the 
three divisions, comprising about 35,000 square miles. It lies, for 
the most part, below the level of 300 feet above the sea, the aver- 
age elevation being about 250 feet. 

Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the 
•elevation of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, the average being 750 feet. It has 
an area of 15,000 square miles. 

Upper Georgia constitutes the northern portion of the State, and 
•embraces all the mountains of any note, and much hill country. 
lit has an area of about 10,000 square miles. The eastern half has 



6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [68]! 

au average elevation of about 1,500 feet, whilst there are moim- 
taia chains that rise to the height of 3,000 feet, and peaks to 4,800^ 
feet. The western half is much lower, the general elevation be- 
ing only 750 feet, with mountains up to 2;O0O feet. 

The average elevation of the surface of the State is eSOfeet above- 
the sea. 

These three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate, and, 
to some extent, in productions, as we shall have occasion to note- 
more particularly hereafter, when we come to treat of those sev- 
eral topics. 

The mountains of Georgia constitute the southern terminus of 
the great Appalachian chain, which, commencing at the mouth of 
the St. Lawrence, in the north, traverses that portion of America 
lying east of the Mississippi river, conforming in general direc- 
tion to the line of coast, until it finally loses itself in Georgia and- 
Alabama, in the south. Its highest points are at either extrem- 
ity, some of the peaks in Grfeorgia, as already stated, rising to an- 
elevation of near 5,000 feet above tlie level of the sea. Connected^ 
with this chain are the great ridges, or water-sheds, which divide 
the waters of the Atlantic from, those of the Gulf of Mexico. The- 
chief of the.se water-sheds, in this section of the country, is the- 
Chattahoochee ridge, which enters Georgia in the northeast from 
North Carolina, and, after passing through the State, nearly divid-^ 
ing it equally, extends to the capes of Florida. On the east of this 
great ridge lies the Mlantic slope of Georgia, comprising about 
30,000 square miles ; on the west, the Gulf slope, with an area of 
about 28,000 square miles. 

Though mountainous, this Northern or Upper Georgia division 
is interspersed with rich valleys and hill country, susceptible of 
cultivation. 

Middle Georgia is undulating throughout, without mountains, 
or level plains to any great extent, and is a very productive portion 
of the State. With the exception of a narrow belt on the coast, it- 
has been the longest settled. Nearly every acre of it is susceptible- 
of cultivation, the only exception being the swamps that border 
some of the water-courses, nearly all of which, however, can be- 
reclaiuied an J made productive. 

The remaining division, or Lower Georgia, is, for the most part, 
a level country, the soil generally light and sandy, and the natural 
growth, especially of t:ie uplands, is pine. It is said to be the 
finest timber country on. the continent. The yellow, or longleaf 
l^ine still abounds, as it is the least cleared portion of. the State;, 
and the rivers and raili-oads furnish convenient and cheap modes. 
of transportating it to market. The lands remote from the water- 
courses, though generally not very fertile, are still valuable for 
agricuLturaLpurposeSjand susceptible, perhaps, of a greater varietyr 



[69] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 7 

of productions than un> other division of the State. Much of this 
pine land is nilly, an(i the residents in such localities— which al- 
most invariably border the flat lands — have good water and enjoy 
good health throughout the year. 

Georgia has a sea-front of about 200 miles, indented with some 
of the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. Savannah, Darien, 
Brunswick and St. Mary's are her principal sea-ports, all of which 
can communicate by inland navigation through channels running 
inside of a chain of islands which line the coast throughout its en- 
ire length. 

In nothing regarding us, is a greater mistake made abroad, and 
indeed, in some parts of our own country, than in the climate, or 
atmospheric conditions, of Georgia. The State being in the south- 
ern portion of the Union, lying between parallels of latitude 30°, 
39^, 27'^ (average) and 35^, the stranger naturally concluiles that 
our climate is mild and delightful in winter; and in this he is cor- 
rect. We have but little snow— in more than half the State none 
at all for years together — we import or manufacture all our ice, 
and fiel<i work may be kept up at all periods of the year. 
The difficulty with strangers is in determining the charac- 
ter of our climate during the summer months. The winters 
being pleasant and genial, they conclude, with(mt further investi- 
gation, that the summers must necessarih^ be hot and sultry. 
This is a serious mistake, as all will testify w^ho have any prac- 
tical knowledge of the subject. No finer summer climate is to be 
found on the continent, east of the Mississippi river, than that of 
many parts of Georgia, and, as a whole, it will compare favorably 
in this respect with that of the States of the north and northwest. 
Carefully conducted observations, year after year, show that the 
mean annual temperature of the city of Atlanta, our State Capital, 
is the same with that of Washington City, Louisville, Kentucky, 
and St. Loui.s, in tbe State of Missouri, wliich are from 800 to 880 
miles further north. Tlie mean annual temperature south of a 
line drawn across the State from Augusta to Columbus, is between 
64° and 68° ; between the same line and another parallel to it, and 
running twenty miles south of Atlanta, we have a mean annual 
temperature between 60° and 64°; in another strip of territory in- 
cluding Atlanta, we have a mean temperature the year round of 
betweeji 56° and 60o. In what we have described as Upper Geor- 
gia, it is between 52« and 5(5^, while in the mountains it is below 
62'>. The mean of Gainesville, in Hall county, and of Clarksville 
and Mount Airy, in Habersham county, corresponds with that of 
Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Upper Missouri and Lower Ne- 
braska. We refer to the map of the State for a better understand- 
ing of the several localities above referred to, as well as the sig- 
nificance of the figures given in this connection. We have the 
winter climate of Rome, and the summer climate of Jerusalem. 



8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—GEORGIA. [70 1 

In explanation of these facts, certain features in the geograph- 
ical situation and physical conformation of the State must be taken 
into consideration. In Lower Georgia we find the greatest de- 
gree of heat in summer, the mercury sometimes rising as high as 
96°, rarely above that figure. It lies, however, between the At- 
lantic Ocean and the Gulf of Merico, in close proximity to both, 
and the temperature is greatly modified by the strong currents of 
sea air which continually pass from one of these great IxKlies of 
water to the other. The mean temperature of Savannah, in the 
southeastern portion of the State, during the months of J une. July 
and August, is 79^ to SO^ ; and in no part of Southern Georgia does 
the mercury often rise above 90°, whilst in winter it seldom de- 
scends to the freezing point. Sun-strokes, so common in the 
Northern and Northwestern States, are almost wholly unknown 
in Georgia. 

Elevation affects temperture, on an average, 1° Fahrenheit for 
every 300 feet. This, alone, would make a ditFerenc? in Georgia 
of 16° by reason of relative elevation between the shore level and 
the highest summit. Lt is also aflected by latitude, and there 
being a ditferenee of about 4^° between the northern and the south- 
ern limits of the State, the thermometer should show a dilterence 
oi about 9° in the temperature. 

But latitude, without the aid of elevation, may not always mate- 
rially attect temperature. There are other natural causes that may 
antagonize its influence The difference in tiie length of the days 
may increase the sui](imer range in more northern latitudes. At 
New York, for instiince, in mid summer the days are nearly an 
hour longer than they are at Savannah, and at Quebec, in Canada, 
nearly one hour and a half longer, and the nights correspondingly 
shorter; the consequence is, at New York there is one hour longer 
for the heat to accumulate from the direct rays of the sun, and 
one hour less time in the night for the heat thus 'accumulated to 
be carried off by radiation. This is said to l>e tlie cause why north- 
ern latitudes are hotter in summer than soutliern latitudes. 

Finally, we have no hesitation in saying that, take it the year 
round, the climate of Georgia is equal to any to be found on the 
globe, whether we regard personal comfort in in-door and in out- 
door work, or the production of crops for the support of man and 
beast, both in the summer and the winter months. We may 
mention a fact in this connection : The city of Atlanta is situated 
within a few miles of the southern line of what is called Northern 
or Upper Georgia, which contains the mountainous region, and yet 
we know many farmers in the immediate vicinity who have pas- 
tured their stock throughout tlie past winter, and kept them in 
excellent condition on the growing crops of wheat, rye and barley. 



[71] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 



RAINFALL. 



The amount of aniiuai rainfall in Georgia varies in different 
sections of the State, and alsD according to locality in the several 
sections. It is greatest on the sea-coast, and, as a general rule, di- 
minishes as you advance toward the northern border. The aver- 
age quantity at Savannah is about 57 inches, and the general aver- 
age in the State is from 46 to 50 inches, or about 5,()v30 tons weight 
to the acre. The distribution of this amount of water— a most im- 
portant consideration — is such as to secure a fair general average 
of crops. There are no periodical wet and dry seasons. Irriga- 
tion on a large scale is wholly unknown in Georgia, except on the 
rice plantations, wiiere occasional flows of water facilitate success- 
ful cultivation. Crops are sometimes cut short in some localities 
from the want of a proper amount of moisture ; but we have never 
known a total failure of the crops from drought, or from any other 
cause, in Georgia. 

SOILS AND PRODUCTIONS. 

The soils of Georgia are among the very best of the older States; 
in virgin fertility she surpassed them all, as is evidenced by her 
rapid settlement from other States upon the extinguishment of the 
Indian title to the lands. Injudicious cultivation, in the haste to 
get rich, has done much, in past years, to impair and waste their 
strength ; but wiser views are now obtaining, and with systems of 
culture greatly improved, production is steadily increasing without 
material addition to the population 

The soils of Georgia are as various as the elements of rocks and 
vegetable and animal remains that compose them. 

In Upper Georgia, or the northern-most division of the State, the 
soil is a mixture of claj^ and sand. In the western half of this sec- 
tion, there is a large admixture of lime, and the clay is generally 
red, with here and there a yellowish brown or drab. In the 
eastern half, the clay is altogether reddish, and the soil not calca- 
reous. The valley and coves of both are very rich and productive, 
while the hill-sides yield generously to judicious cultivation. 
There are manj^ tine farms on the very summit of the Blue Kidge 
and Lookout range of mountains. 

The chief agricultural productions of Upper Georgia are Indian 
corn or maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, sorghum, and all 
the grasses, including clover. Its wheat, with that of Middle 
Georgia, is considered the heaviest and best grown in the Union, 
and always commands a premium in the Northern markets. All 
the grains mentioned grow to great perfection, and the yield of hay, 
where proper attention is given that crop, is very large. The 
soil and climate are also admirably adapted to tobacco, though it 



10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— GEORGIA. [72] 

has nof, up to this time, received that attention as a crop that it 
deserves. Many good judges consider Upper Georgia, in this res- 
pect, superior to either Virginia or North Carohna, as the soil is 
not only su-taVjle, but the season for planting is much earlier, and 
of growth longer, enabling the farmer to gather a second crop 
from the same plants. Until a very recent dute, this section of the 
State was regarded as un-^uited to the successful cultivation of cot- 
ton, but the introduDtion of commercial fertilizers, the effect of 
which is to hasten growth and maturity and increase production, 
has brought about quite a revolution as regards the great stajjle. 
It is now being successfully grown, in considerable quantities, as 
far nortii as the Tennessee line. As evidence of the rapid increase 
in the production of cotton in this section, we may mention the 
fact that tlie city of Atlanta, whose trade in that commodity ten 
years ago was so inconsiderable as scarcely to have a place in the 
local market reports, had received, up to the first of April of the 
present year (1878), or in seven out of the twelve cotton months, 
98,000 bales, grown almost exclusively in Upper Georgia. Hemp, 
flax and jute may also be grown with profit. During a good part 
of the year, the mountains afford the finest range for cattle, sheep 
and goats, whilst hogs keep fat in the fall and early winter months 
on the masts of nuts and acorns. All the varieties of vej^etables 
flourish in this part of the State. The fruits tliat thrive best are 
the apple, the pear, the cherry, the plum and the grape; also the 
raspberry and strawberry. The last mentioned, may be said to 
grow equally well in every part of the State. The spring and 
well water of this section is unsurpassed in any part of the world. 
The surface of Middle Georgia is rolling, and the soil generally 
red, with here and tliere a liberal admixture of gray, and very 
strong and productive. All things considered, this is regarded as 
tile most desirable portion of the State, if not of the South. It is 
the great cotton section, or the .section where the soil will yield a 
greater amount of fruit than a like area of equal fertility, in 
any other part of the State. Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye— in- 
deed, all the cereal crops— are cultivated, and yield in their great- 
est abundance. Even the oldest lands of this section recuperate 
rapidly under good treatment, and are soon restored to their orig- 
inal fertility. Improved systems of culture are obtaining very 
generally tliroughout this part of the State, which is the most pop- 
ulous of the three great divisions, and, as a con8equen.se, produc- 
tion is progressive. Of fruits, the apple, pear, i}each, fig, grape, 
melons, and indeed every variety, other than tropical, are grown 
with the greatest success. The finest peaches in the world grow 
in this section and in the northern portion of Lower Georgia, and 
large quantities are shipped annually to the northern cities. 
Melons, also, are grown to great perfection, and constitute quite 
imx)ortant item of the commerce of this section. The forests 



[73] MANUAL OF GEORGJA. 11 

and abandoned fields abound in nuts and berries in largo variety, 
furnislied by nature witliout care or cultivation. Dried fruits are 
becoming an important item in the exports from this section. 

It may be said witli truth that no country in the world offers 
greater natural advaiitages than this middle section of Georgia. 
Embracing a territory about two hundred miles in length from 
east to west, and one hundred broad from north to south, inter- 
sected by numerous rivers and smaller water courses, the amount 
of water power available for manufacturing purposes is incalcula- 
ble. It constitutes the heart of the cotton region, and the mate- 
rial is consequently at hand to be worked into the various fabrics. 
Ten railroads cross it in various directions, so that tran.sportation 
is all that could be desired. Its drinking water is excellent, and its 
health unterrupted throughout the year. 

Bouthei'u, or Lower Georgia, consists chiefly of sandy, pine land, 
with occasional belts of oak and hickory, and where these occur 
the soil has a considerable mixture of reddish or light-brown clay, 
and is ver^^ productive. The lands generally are light and easy of 
cultivation, and while same portions, especially those on the water 
courses of the southwest and the red lands above referred to, are 
very rich, nearly the whole is tillable, and with occasional light 
manuring, continue to produce good crops from year to year. It 
is, as a general rule, sparsely settled, and the lands are the cheapest 
in the State. The leading field products are cotton, sugar cane, corn, 
rice, oats, potatoes and field peas. The country being open, and 
the pasturage good throughout the year, large numbers of beef cat- 
tle and sheep are raised annually for market, at a cost purely nom- 
inal, as they require neither to be fed nor sheltered. Wool forms 
quite an item in the list of its exports ; near 75,000 pounds were 
cleared at the custom-house at Brunswick alone during the past 
year. 

Cotton is produced generally throughout the section, the sea- 
island or long staple variety in the counties bordering on Florida 
and along the coast. This class of cotton is used in the manufac- 
ture of the finer fabrics, and in combination with silk, but is less 
cultivated than in former years, the demand for it having been 
lessened by the improvement in tlie staple and quality of the com- 
mon cotton, and in the machinery for its manufacture. 

The cotton crop of Georgia averages a little over 500,000 bales, 
or about 225,000,000 pounds, worth, at ten cents per pound, 
$22,500,000. 

The rice lands lie chiefly on tide water, and are among the most 
valuable and productive on the southern coast. Considerable 
rice is also grown, ciiiefiy for home consumption, on inland swamps 
and low lands in Middle as well as in Lower Georgia, though the 
rice that enters into commerce comes chiefly from the country 
along the coast. 



12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [74] 

Sugar cane is also an important crop of Southern Georgia, and 
could be made among the most profitable. It grows luxuriantly, 
and yields profitable returns in sugar and sj'rup. Yet, but little 
sugar is made for market, the planters usually confining themselves 
to a sufficiency for home demand, and relying chiefly upon the 
syrup as a marketable crop. To show the capacity of the soil 
under high culture, we mention one instance among the many of 
equal production that are well vouched for. In 1874, Mr. John J. 
Parker, of Thomas county, produced, on one acre, 694^ gallons of 
cane syrup, worth seventy-five cents per gallon, or $520.87. The 
total cost of production was $77.50, leaving a net profit of $443.37. 

This section of the State also produces an excellent quality of 
light tobacco, such as is manufactured into cigars, though the plant 
will eventually run into the heavy leaf unless the seed are renewed 
annually from the West Indies. 

Notwithstanding the variety of soils and climates, vegetables of 
every description do well in all parts of the State ; but it is chiefly in 
the section along the coast that they are raised for distant markets. 
Most of the '^'^arieties maturing here in early spring, before the 
seeds are planted in the Northern States of the Union, they com- 
mand a good price in consequence, and the producers realize 
handsomely from tlieir business. In the spring of 1877, there were 
shipped to the Northern markets, from the port of Savannah alone, 
23,284 packages of fruit, 20,405 packages ol vegetables and 26,345 
melons. 

Of the fruits of this section, melons, strawberries, grapes and 
some oranges are those chiefly cultivated for market. The fig and 
grape grow to great perfection, and the orange, lemon, lime, banana, 
pomegianate, of the tropical fruits, succeed well where attention 
has been given to their cultivation. Some varieties of the pear 
also thrive well in this section of the State. The Scuppernong 
grape grows in its greatest perfection ; the crops are very heavy 
and the fruit sweeter than that grown in more northern latitudes. 

Lower Georiria is said to resemble, in soil and climate, those 
portions of Prussia that lie in the vicinity of the capital. The soil 
is, however, in its natural state, far more productive, and conse- 
quently requires less labor and expense to be kept in good planting 
condition. Although generally sandy, it has a good clay founda- 
tion, or subsoil, from six to twelve inches below the surface, which 
enables it to retain fertilizers and hold them as plant food. 

CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH 
CULTURE. 

The various agricultural products common to Georgia having 
been given with some minuteness in the chapter on Soils and Pro- 
ductions, we proceed to give the results of a number of experiments 



[75] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 13 



ill the cultivation of those products, in each of those disvisions, con- 
ducted with proper preparation and fertilization — such as are 
given in the more densely settled portions of the world. As but 
little is accomplished by inadequate means in any department of 
human industry, the actual producing capacity of a country can 
only be tested by the results of Judicious culture. The crops, to 
which we shall refer, were reported to the various State and county 
fairs within the past few years, and both the culture and. its results 
were verified by the affidavits of disinterested parties. 

In 1873, Mr. R. H. Hardaway produced, on upland, in Thomas 
county, (Lower Georgia) 119 bushels of Indian corn, or maize, on 
one acre, which yielded a net profit of $77 17. 

In the same county, the same year, Mr. E. T. Davis produced 
96;l bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After the oats were har- 
vested, he planted the same land in cotton, and in the fall gath- 
ered 800 pounds of seed cotton. 

Mr. John J. Parker, of the same county, produced, in 1874, on 
one acre, 694.^ gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup, 
at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87— net 
profit from one acre, $443 37. 

In 1874, Mr. Wiley W. Groover, of Brooks county, (Lower Geor- 
gia) produced, with two horses, on a farm of 126^ acres, without the 
aid of commercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas^ sugar cane 
and potatoes, to the value of $3,258.25. The total cost ol produc- 
tion was $1,045.00, leaving net proceeds of crop, ;$2,213.25. The 
stock raised on the farm was not counted. 

Joseph Hodge.s, of the same county, produced, on one acre, 2,700 
pounds of seed cotton; Wm. Borden, 600 gallons of syrup; J. 
Bower, 500 bushels of sweet potatoes; J. O. Morton, 75 bushels 
oats. Mr. T. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons, of syrup 
on one acre, and saved enough cane for seed. 

In Bulloch county, (Lower Georgia) 3,500 pounds seed cotton 
were produced by Samuel Groover, and in the same county 21 
barrels surgar at one time, and 700 gallons syrup at another, per 
acre. 

In Clay county, Mr. Hodge produced from one acre, a few 

years ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton. 

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, gathered the present year 
(1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five acres 

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, (Lower Georgia) in 1877, by 
the use of fertilizers, grew on five acres of naturally poor land, 
15,000 pounds of seed cotton, which netted him when sold $6(3.02 
per acre. 

Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien county, reports to this Department 
a crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine 
land. 



14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [76] 

In 1876, Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) 
produced 74 bushels of corn on one acre of land. 

Mr. John Bonner, of Carroll county, made three bales of cotton 
(500 pounds each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of the same 
county, produced nine bales from five acres, without manures, and 
ninetj^-four bales from 100 acres, by the use of fertilizers. 

In 1873, Mr. S. W. Leak, of the same county, produced on one 
acre 40^ bushels of wheat, worth $80.50; cost |14.50— net profit 
$66. 

In Wilkes county 123 bushels corn was i^roduced on one acre of 
bottom land; also 42 bushels Irish potitoes on one tenth acre, the 
second crop same year on same land ; the first crop very fine, but 
not so good. 

Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, produced, in 1876, on 
one acre, 137 bushels of oats. 

Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington county, (on the line of Mid- 
dle and Lower Georgia) produced, in 1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 
pounds of seed cotton, equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each, 
worth, at 17| cents per pound— the average price of that year— 
403.37. The cost of culture was $148.58 ; net profit, $254.79, for a 
very small fraction over one acre. 

Dr, Wm. Jones, of Burke county, produced 480 gallons syrup on 
one acre. Wesley Jones, of the same county, produced three 
bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, per acre. Jas. J. Davis, in same 
county, made, in 1877, with two mules, thirty-four bales of cotton, 
500 pounds each, 000 bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats. Wm. C. 
Palmer, of same county, made, in 1877, with oue mule, twenty- 
five bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, and a fair crop of corn. 
Henry Miller, of same county, produced, in 1877, sixty-five bushels 
corn per acre, first year, on reclaimed swamp, without manures. 

Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike county, (Middle Georgia) produced, 
in 1873, on five acres of bottom land, 500 bushels of rice. The total 
cost was $75— net profit, |300. 

Mr. R. B, Baxter, of Hancock county, (Middle Georgia) in 1872, 
harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 pounds of dry 
clover hay per acre. 

Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford county, gathered, from one acre 
of Flint river bottom, 4,000 pounds seed cotton, and from another, 
on same place, 115 bushels corn. 

Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene county, (Middle Geargia) produced, 
in 1871, five tons of clover hay per acre, in one season, at two cut- 
tings. 

Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb county, (on the line of Middle and 
Lower Georgia) harvested from one acre of land, from which he 
had gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,646 
pounds of native crab-grass hay. 

Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) gathered. 



[77] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 15 

in the fall of 1873, from one acre, from which he had harvested 
forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,726 pounds of pea-vine hay. 
Net profit from wheat, $6G ; from pea-vine hay, $233.08, mal:ii;g, 
in one year from a single acre, a net profit of $299.08. 

Mr. William Smith, of Coweta county, (Middle Georgia) pro- 
duced 2,200 pounds seed cotlon per acre on ten acres. 

Mr. Edward Camp, of the same county, produced 1,000 bushels 
oats from ten acres. 

Mr. J. T. Manley, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) produced 
115 bushels of oats from one acre. 

Mr. S. W. Blood worth, of the same county, gathered, in 187^), 137 
bushels of corn from one acre. 

Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia) in .Tune, 
1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, 
and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the 
forage alone lie received a profit of $159.22 per acre. 

Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, 
from one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda 
grass hay ; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209 29, net profit, 
$196.42. 

Mr. J. R Winters, of Cobb county, (Upner Georgia) produced, in 
1873, from 1.15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first 
cutting of the second year's crop. 

Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, produced on' one acre 105 

bushels of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. 

Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county, (Upper Georgia) harvested, 

in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, four years old, fourteen tons 

and 200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. 

Capt. C. W. Howard produced, on Lookout Mountain, in Walker 
county (Upper Georgia), in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, 
which cost liim twenty-five cents per acre, with one hoeing and 
plowing, 108i bushels of Irish potatoes, which he sold in Atlanta 
at a net profit of $97.25. On land manured and better prepared 
and worked, double that quantity could be produced. 

Mr. Thomas Smith, of Cherokee county, produced 104 bushels 
of corn from one acre. 

Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb count^^, produced, in 1873, from one acre, 
at a cost of $8.00, 398.7 bushels of sweet potatoes, which he sold at 
a net profit of $290.92. 

Mr. Haddon P. Redding, of Fulton county, in 1877, produced 
from one acre 400 bushels of St. Domingo ya:n potatoes, which he 
readily sold in Atlanta at an average price of $1.00 per bushel. 

These instances of production are exceptional, and far beyond 
the usual results of farming in our State ; but they serve to show 
the capacity of our soil when properly fertilized, and cultivated 
with intelligence under the guidance of science. It will not be 
ueuicu, liowever, that what the parties named have accomplished 



16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [78] 

on a limited scale, may be done by others on still larger areas, and 
with corresponing results. 

TIMBER. 

The varied natural forest growth of Georgia is capable of fur- 
nishing woods ample for all purposes. Our Geological cabinet 
contains specimens of 130 varieties, and there are 100 others not 
embraced in the collection. In the Northern division of the State, 
we have cedar, poplar, hickory', beech, maple, chestnut, white, 
red, black and post oaks ; white, spruce, and short-leaf pine ; 
the latter ample for all demands of builders. In the Middle divi- 
sion we have nearly all of the above- mentioned, with the addition 
of walnut, cherry, china, elm, and ash, all of which are valuable 
for mechanical uses. In the Southern division, besides some of 
those already enumerated, the long-leaf or yellow pine, the great 
tree of commerce, abounds. For builduig and ship tember, this 
wood stands without a rival in the markets of the world, and the 
supply would seem to be inexhaustible. The section under consid- 
eration embraces about 30,000 square miles, 24,000 of which our 
State Geologist, who has special charge of that interest, estimates 
is uncleared, and will produce, on an average, 30,000 feet of 
jQrst-class heart timber per acre. Nor does its uses stop here. From 
the pine is extracted the turpentine, rosin, tar and pitch of com- 
merce, and vast fields of it are devoted to that purpose. The 
curled pine of the coast country, in beauty and susceptibility of 
polish, is without a rival among the woods of any part of the vvorld. 
For panel-work, and furniture of all kinds, it is admirably adapted. 
Specimens of this cabinet variety of the pine have been sent to 
the Paris Expositioa of 1878, and visitors curious in such matters 
are invited to inspect it. The live-oak, remarkable for its weight 
and toughness, and so largely used in the construction of those 
parts of ships that are subject to the greatest strain, is found in 
large quantities along the whole line of the Georgia coast, and on 
the sea-islands. In the same localities, we have the bay and the 
cedar, also useful for manufacturing purposes. In the river bot- 
toms and swamps of the entire lower half of the State, the cypress 
growes to an immense size,]and without limit as to quantity. This 
is also a most durable wood, though soft in texture, and easily 
worked. For shingles, weather-boarding, wood-ware, ship sides 
fence posts, indeed for most purposes where exposure to the 
weather is necessary, there are few woods that will answer a bet- 
ter purpose or last longer. Our river bottoms all over the State 
are well supplied with white-oak, which, for carriage and wagon 

timber, and for barrel staves, is considered suj^erior to all other 

woods. Ash, also used largely in carriage factories, abounds in the 

same localities. 



[79] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 17 

These are but a few of the many woods of the State which might 
be mentioned as both usefnl or ornamental. Of the supply, it need 
only be said that full 60 per cent, at least, of the original forest 
growth, or 22,200,000 out of the 37,000,000 acres, is still standing, 
which, with the immense beds of coal for fuel, will be found ample 
for all the wants of the State for hundreds of years to come. Tim- 
ber and sawed lumber, including staves and shingles, constitute a 
very important item of Georgia's foreign and coastwise trade. 
Complete statistics of this trade for the year 1877— one of great 
depression in this as well as other interests — have not yet come to 
hand. It aggregates many millions of dollars, and with the ex- 
ception stated, has been steadily increasing from year to year. We 
annex a statement of the shipments for last year from the four 
leading ports of the State. There are other points of shipment, and 
much of tiie lumber of the southwestern portion of the State finds 
an outlet through the ports of Florida : 

T.^MBEK AND LUMBER EXP0RT3, 1877. 

Savannah, superficial feet 51,281,972 

Darien, " " 74,106,152 

St. Mary's " " 18,116,000 

Brunswick ♦' " 19,092,410 

Total 162,596,534 

METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA. 

It is conceded by all who have any adequate information on the 
subject, that the mineral resources of Georgia, in extent and value, 
are unsurpassed, if equalled, by those of any other American State. 
The variety and richness of her ores, and other natural products 
of a kindred nature, are facts which, in their full force, have lain 
buried beneath the earth's surface until recent scientific explora- 
tions, under the direction of the State Gov^ernment, brought them 
to the light. It being impossible without too great elaboration, to 
go through the long catalogue of specimens that lie exposed to 
view on the shelves of our Geological Museum, we shall confine 
our observations to a few leading products, which will fully es- 
tablish the position that, to the miner, no country on the globe 
presents advantages superior to those of Georgia. 

Gold.— It is impossible to estimate the true value of this inter- 
est, and all calculations must be based upon the actual production 
of the mines in the past, and indications of the presence of that 
precious metal as they appear to the scientific eye. These are the 
only reliable data, and we shall limit our remarks to what they 
will fully justify. 

Dr. George Little, State Geologist, after a thorough exploration 
of the auriferous region, declares as his conviction, thsit,aU things 



18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [80] 

considered, Georgia, as a gold-mining region, offer? inducements 
equal to those of California. We quote his remarks on this point, 
as they are both full and interesting. He says : 

" But you must remember that this is not the best point that is 
offered by our North Georgia mines. You see it is not the quan- 
tity of gold that makes a section valuable to miners. It is the fa- 
cility with which the ore is mined ; it is the ease with which it 
can be sent to market ; it is the cheapness of labor ; it is the near- 
ness of timber and water courses; it is the healthfulness of the 
climate and the facility with wliich provisions may be procured. 
In all these points Georgia excels. A ton of ore in the Black Hills, 
of twice the richness, is not worth as much as a ton of ore in Geor- 
gia. A mine of enormous richness is of little value if it is in the 
heart of an impenetrable or dangerous or malarious region. Lumps 
of gold might exist at the north pole without being of any practi- 
cal value. There are scientists who believe that great masses of 
this precious metal are to be found at the centre of the earth. Of 
what account is it, however, to us? 

" Now, the gold of North Georgia is in a perfectly accessible re- 
gion. It is penetrated by first class railways, and by short and 
reliable hack lines. Every part of it is civilized, and convenient 
to cities. And, better than all, the gold lies near to the surface, 
and is easily reached by the miner. The timber needed to run the 
furnaces is right at hand, and procurable cheap. The climate is the 
best in the world, and is a famous resort for invalids. The water- 
courses that pour down the hills give the best possible power. It 
is necesary to transport only a short distance, wliile in California it 
is frequently carried fifty and one hundred miles. Labor is cheap 
and easily procurable. In fact, all the elements of cheap working 
for gold appear to be united in this section. 

" The greatest advantage, however, is in the fact that most of 
the ore in North Georgia is partially decomposed, and is worked 
with great facility. Where you would have to blast the quartz in 
California, you can work it with a pick, or even a shovel. Conse- 
quently, ore that is mucn poorer than the California ore can be 
mined here at a profit, while there it would involve a loss. It does 
look as if nature had conspired to put the enormous amount of 
gold in North Georgia in the hands of the miner. 

" Besides the above advantages, it is very rich— as rich as any 
ore to be found anywhere." 

Such is the testimony of an intelligent and disinterested officer 
of the government, who owns not a foot of our gold territory, nor 
a share in our mines. 

The gold belt of Georgia is about one hundred miles in breadth, 
with barren intervals here and there. It lies northeast and south- 
west across the entire northern and part of the eastern section of 



[81] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 19 

the State, and loses itself in the eastern portion of Alabama. It 
extends through a large number of counties. It has been found as 
low as Columbia county, in the eastern portion of Middle Georgia, 
and as far north and west as Fannin county, which borders on the 
State of Tennessee. But few mines have been developed in Col- 
umbia and Lincoln counties, but they are claimed to be among the 
richest in the State. A vein near Goshen, in the latter county, is 
said to be yielding at the present time, $1,000 per month at a cost 
of but. $115. That portion ot intermediate territory which is 
barren of gold, is comparatively small, being much less than 
one-half of the whole. While many very rich and profitable 
mines have been opened in the lower portion of the belt, the 
greater proportion of the mining has been done in the northern or 
mountainous section, especially in the counties of Lumpkin, 
White, Union, Dawson and Cherokee. 

The gold occurs under three distinct conditions : First, as sand 
(dust), or pebbles (nuggets), forming integral portions of the de- 
posits of sand and gravel along the streams, which sometimes ex- 
tend as high as 100 feet or more, above the stream levels. Second: 
as grains, strings, or masses, forming integral portions of exten- 
sive beds of schists, which are sometimes accompanied by layers 
of quartz of greater or less thickness, and are sometimes destitute 
of the least particle of quartz. Third : as a part or the whole, of 
the mineral contents of quartz veins. 

Much the greater portion of the gold heretofore mined in 
Georgia has been obtained from the stream deposits, and by rude 
methods, such as washing in sluices, rockers, and toms, from 
which a very large proportion of the smaller particles escape. In 
this rough way, from $1.00 to |2.0O per day is usually obtained to 
the hand, though many deposits have been worked which yielded 
as much as $3.00 and $5.00 per hand. The quartz veins vary in 
thickness from a few inches to ten feet, or more, and have seldom 
been worked below the water level, from want of capital to pur- 
chase the necessary machinery. The ore, when obtained from 
the veins, is pounded in mills run by water-power, and the yield 
generally varies from $5,00 to $50.00 per ton, the cost of handling 
being about 50 cents per ton. There are, however, many instances 
where the yield has been as high as $G0.00, and even as high as 
$100 00 per ton. The business is making steady progress in all the 
mining districts, and we have returns to date of 34 mills with 337 
stamps now in operation, though there are doubtless others not 
yet brought to our knowledge. The stamps are of hardened iron, 
and in weight range from 350 to 750 pounds. They reduce, each, 
from one to two tons per day of twelve hours, the quantity de- 
pending upon the weight of the stamp and the hardness of the 
ore. These mills are located chiefly in Lumpkin and White 
counties. 



20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [82] 

During the last few years there has been quite a revival in the 
business of gold-mining. Large amounts o f northern capital have 
been attracted to Georgia, and there has been great progress both 
in the quantity and quality of the machinery used for that pur- 
pose. The chief agency in giving this new impulse to the gold 
interest, is what is known as the Hand Canal, in Lumpkin 
county, the heart of the gold region. Its purpose is to utilize the 
splendid water power of that section in the business of mining, 
and vast sums have been expended on the work already. This 
canal has opened up a newera in gold-digging. Wherever availa- 
ble, it dispenses, in a great measare, with expensive transporta- 
tion, with steam machinery in the mines and for elevating the 
ore, and reduces the amount of labor necessary for the attainment 
of given results fully one-half, if not more. In addition to this, it 
renders mining operations exhaustive ; under the action of so 
searching an agent, the earth is compelled to yield up all itstreas 
ures, no matter how carefully they may have been hidden away 
from human sight. A brief description of this canal is necessary 
for a proper understanding of the operations for gold in that im- 
mediate section of the State. 

In itself, the Hand Canal is worthy of note as a great work. It 
originated in an enlightened perception of the real wants of a de- 
clining industry, required engineering skill of a high order, and a 
vast expenditure of labor and capital for a single company. It is 
great, too, in the practical results it is now accomplishing. The 
canal, as completed up to this time (April, 1878,) is about 26 miles 
in length. The water is taken from Yahoola Creek, at the foot of 
the Blue Bidge Mountains. It is six feet in width at the water 
line, and four feet in depth ; has a fall of five inches to the 100 
feet, and velocity of 30 cubic feet to the second at low water. At 
Dahlonega it has an elevation of 250 feet above the Yahoola at 
the same point, and at Findley's Mine, a few miles below, it is 300 
feet above the level of the Yahoola, which at this point has so en- 
larged as to be dignified with the title of river. The reader will 
form some idea of the power when he contemplates this large 
body of water foaming along the mountain sides, and ready to be 
tapped and sent, in a resistless torrent, into the vast depths be- 
low. Owing to the rugged nature of the country over which the 
canal passes, it frequently becomes necessary to conduct this 
volume of water across immense chasms in order to keep it in its 
course. 'J'his is done by means of large pipes, which are laid 
down one mountain side, across the valley, and up the opposite 
elevation until it reaches the desired height, and is discharged 
into a new section of the canal. There is a pipe near Dahlonega 
2,000 feet in length and three feet in diameter. It is made of boiler 
iron, strong enough to bear the immense pressure. There are also 
on the line of the canal 7,500 feet of wooden tubing, of a like di- 



[83] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 21 

ameter, and secured by strong wrought- iron bands. Between 
Dablonega and the Pigeon Roost mines— the present terminus of 
the canal — there is another iron tube 2,400 feet in length, and 22 
inches in diameter. 

The modes of utilizing this water in the operations for gold are 
various. It is the motive power of the mills where the stamping 
and washing are done. It serves to carry the ores and gold-bear- 
ing earth from the mines to the mills, thus saving the greater part 
of the cost of transportation. It is also largely used in an opera- 
tion called " sluicing," where it is turned loose upon the hill-sides, 
and of its own gravity bears away several feet of the surface earth. 
For the same purpose a hose and nine-inch pipe is sometimes used, 
and its power in uprooting trees, bearing down mountains and fill- 
ing up valleys, is truly wonderful. Often the full force of the canal 
is turned into a vein containing a day's work of the ore and its 
rich surroundings, and the whole mass sent roaring down the 
mountain side into the mill some thousands of feet below. Im- 
mense boulders of quartz are sent whirling like so manj^ chips or 
leaves. This operation not only tears awa^^the earth to the depth 
of several feet, but at the same time exposes every vein of ore and 
prepares it for the pick. Every mill is prepared with a receptacle 
for these washings, from which the water having been drained off, 
the ores, gravel and sand are shoveled into the troughs and pounded 
into powder by the immense iron stamps The pounded contents 
are then carried by a stream of water over a copper surface upon 
which there is a coating of quicksilver, with which the fine par- 
ticles of gold form a mechanical union, and from which they are 
subsequently liberated by the application of heat, the amalgam 
having been first scraped from the copper sheets and deposited in 
a crucible. This is the usual process ; there are others, but, as they 
differ only in details, it is unnecessary to mention them. 

The Hand Canal is not only used by the mining company who 
constructed it, but by all the miners on the line, at a moderate rental 
paid to the proprietors. It is said that in this and other improve- 
ments, the Hand Company has invested upwards of a quarter 
million dollars. 

The project of a mint at Atlanta, the seat of government of the 
State, and on the southern border of the gold belt, is now under 
discussion in the United States Congress, and should it be established 
it is estimated that Georgia alone, will furnish a million of gold 
bullion annually, to aid in keeping it employed. 

AVe might give instances of immense yields of this metal, where 
parties made fortunes in a day, as it were ; but they are excep- 
tional, and calculated to mislead. We prefer to say that the in- 
terest is a prosperous one in Georgia when controlled by men of 
intelligence and a fair share of information in the art of mining. 



22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [84] 

Silver has been found on the western slope of the Cohutta 
mountains, and in Lincoln and some other counties, but not in such 
quantities as to justify mining. 

Copper.— This metal exists in large quantities in the counties 
of Fannin, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Greene 
and Fulton. It is found in combination with iron and sulphur, 
and in many places constitutes 33 per cent, of the ore, which is 
often valuable for all three of its component elements. From 5 
to 33 per cent, of copper may be considered the extremes. The 
Fannin county mines are an extension of the celebrated Duck 
Town veins in the State of Tennessee, and are considered equally 
rich in that metal. 

Iron.— Iron ores, either hematite, limonite, or fossiliferous, are 
abundant throughout the northern part of the State, and found 
to a considerable extent in the counties of Harris and Talbot, in 
Middle Georgia, and in Burke of the Southern division. In the 
counties of Dade, Walker, and Chattooga, it lies side by side with 
large deposits of coal, thus afTording ample facilities for smelting. 
In Bartow county we find the best brown hematite, which, in 
combination with manganese, also abundant in that section, forms 
that beautiful, mirror-like iron, called by the Germans Spegelci- 
sen. The brown hematite is also abundant in Polk county. At 
the date of the last report, there were in the State 20 iron foun- 
dries, with a producing capacity of 300 tons per day, or 100,000 
tons of pig-iron per annum, worth, at the market price of $20 per 
ton, $2,000,000. 

Coal.— The discoveries of this mineral have been confined to 
the three counties of the extreme northwest, to- wit: Dade, Walker, 
and Chattooga. The supply, though, is so abundant and accessi- 
ble that it bids fair to be permanent, both for fuel and for mechan- 
ical uses. An excellent quality of bituminous coal underlies 
almost the entire surface of Dade, while in Walker and Chattooga 
the deposit, though not so abundant, is ample. It is found in 
largest quantities in Sand Mountain, and in the Lookout range, 
where two companies, alone, have invested a million ot dollars 
in the business, which is found to be very profitable. One of these 
mines, belonging to a company of which Ex-Gov. Joseph E. 
Brown, of Georgia, is President, is worked exclusively by convict 
labor, at a cost of about 75 cents per day per hand, and yields 300 
tons per day. Railroads, with connections leading to all points, 
have been constructed to the mouths of these mine.s. A superior 
article of coke is also prepared on the spot, and shipped to the 
smelting furnaces of this State and Tennessee. Large quantities 
of coal from one of these mines have been shipped, within the last 
two years, to the United States coaling station at Port Royal, in 



[85] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 23 

South Carolina, where it is purchased by the Government for the 
use of the Navy. 

Sulphur, and Sulphuric Acid, can be obtained in any quantity 
desired, from the copper and iron ores that contain the former in 
combination. 

Gems and Precious Stones.— Of these, the diamond is found 
in Hall, White, Lumpkin and Dawson counties ; the opal— white, 
yellow and gray — in Washington connty ; the beryl in Meriwether ; 
the garnet in Paulding and Cherokee; corundum in Towns, Ptabun 
and Carroll, together with manj' others of more or less value. 

Graphite, of which lead pencils are made, is found in Pickens, 
Carroll and Elbert counties. 

Chrome Iron, for the manufacture of paints, in Habersham and 
Troup counties. 

MisPiCKLE, from which arsenic is obtained, in Floyd county. 

Rutile, for coloring artificial teeth, in Lincoln and Habersham 
counties. 

BuHR rock, from which the best mill-stones are cut, exists, in 
large quantities, in Burke county; also in Stewart, Decatur, and 
other parts of the Tertiary formation, 

Asbestus abounds in most of the northern counties, and is being 
mined in the vicinity of Atlanta, Fulton county. Large quanti- 
ties are regularly shipped to the Northern States, and there worked 
up in the manufacture of iron safes, fire-proof paints and roofing, 
lamp wicks, and, to some extent, into cloth. One of the largest 
deposits of this mineral, an<J of the finest quality, is found in 
Rabun, the extreme northeastern county of the State. It is being 
mined with much success, the shipments readily commanding 
$50.00 per ton. 

Marble. — This mineral exists in exhaustless quantities and of 
many varieties. It varies in quality from the fine statuary to the 
coarse-grained used for building. The black marble is found at 
Tunnel Hill, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad ; the red at Dal- 
ton ; the pink at Varnell's Station, on the East Tennes.see & Geor- 
gia Railroad, and in Whitfield county. The white, of best quality 
and in immense supply, near Jasper, Pickens county, on the line 
of the Marietta <fe North Georgia Railroad, now in course of con- 
struction ; also at Buchanan, in Haralson county, and at Van 
Wert, Polk county. 

Serpentine, of fine quality and v«ry beautiful, has been re- 
cently found in Rabun county. 

Granite and Gneiss, of the best quality for building, abound 
in the Northern and Middle divisions of the State, and are con- 
venient to transportation. 

Slate, admirably adapted to roofing, exists in large quantities, 
and at points accessible- At Rockmart, Polk county, immense 
shipments axe made annually to the various cities aixd towns of 



24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [SQ"] 

Georgia and the adjoining States. A railroad connecting with 
main trunks runs directly to the quarries. On Pine Log Moun- 
tain, in Bartow county, about nine miles from the Western & 
Atlantic Railroad, are other and large deposits, variegated in 
color, and easily mined. Slate, of good quality, is also found in 
Gordon county, at points convenient for shipment. 

Limestone: — Immense beds exist throughout all the north- 
western counties, and there is a fair distribution of it in nearly 
every section of the State. Large quantities of it are annually 
burned into lime for building and agricultural purposes, and much 
of it is equal to the best to be found in the market. At Kingston, 
Bartow county, Mr. G. H. Warring is largely engaged, in connec- 
tion with his lime works, in the manufacture of Howard's Hy- 
draulic Cement, an article that has come into extensive use, and 
has won a deserved popularity. 

Calcareous Marls, or marls composed of shells and other secre- 
tions of marine animals, and which receive their value for agri- 
cultural purposes from the lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, 
with a certain proportion of soluble silica and organic matter 
which they contain, are found, in immense beds, in many sections 
of the State, and in localities where they can be readily utilized 
for fertilizing purposes. All these deposits exist in the southern 
half of the State, or below an elevation of 300 feet above the ocean. 
They are found in Washington, Crawford and Houston, near the 
centre; in Burke, Scriven and Effingham, in the east; in Charl- 
ton, in the southeast; in Clay, Dougherty, Macon and Quitman, 
in the southwest, and in Muscogee, Chattahoochee and Stewart, 
in the west. Applied, in combination with a due amount of veg- 
etable matter, these marls, are more permanent in their effect upon 
the lands than any other fertilizer know to the public. The marls 
of Houston, Stewart, and some other counties in the southwest, 
contain from six to eight percent of that valuable fertilizer known 
as "Green Sand," or the silicate of potash in combination with 
phosphoric acid. It exists in greatest quantities in the Chattahoo- 
chee river deposits. 

Clay. — Kaoline, of the finest quality for the manufacture of por- 
celain ware, and in the preparation of wall paper, and for otlier 
purposes, exists in Jarge and convenient strata in Baldwin and 
Washington counties, near the centre of the State, and in Chero- 
kee, Pickens and Union, in the north. Another variety of white 
clay, suitable for the manufacture of fire-brick, furnace-lining and 
water-pipes, is also found in Washington and Baldwin counties, and 
a large deposit of the same in Richmond. The gray clay used in 
making pottery, etc., abounds in Washington, Burke, and in many 
counties in the south-eastern portion of the s^tate. Red and yellow 
clays, suitable for building-brick, are found in nearly every county 
in the State^ and in most of them without limit as to quantity. 



[87] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 25 

MEDICINAL WATERS. 

In this respect, Nature seems to have provided for tlie inhabit- 
ants of Georgia a mitigation, if not a remedy, for nearly every ill 
to which human flesh is heir. Our mineral springs are innumer- 
able, and, in variety, correspond with the multifarious ores of the 
States. In many instances they possess remarkable curative vir- 
tues, and are so distributed over the State as to be accessible to all 
the people. In Butts countj^ (Middle Georgia), convenient to those 
who dwell in that section of the State which is most exposed to 
malarial influence (Sonthern Georgia), we have the Indian Spring, 
the waters of which are used with great benefit by those who suf- 
fer from rheumatic, liver and cutaneous affections; while in the 
western portion of the same section, in Meriwetlier county, there 
is one of the finest warm springs on the continent. It is situated 
on a spur of Pine Mountain, has a temperature of 90° Fahrenheit, 
and the supply of water is immense, estimated at 1,400 gallons per 
minute. There are six splendid baths, ten feet square each, and 
the waters, which are classed as Carbonated Chalybeate, are highly 
beneficial in cases of rheumatism, neuralgia, gout, dyspepsia, 
and diseases of the urinary organs. There are, also, in the same 
county, a white suphur and a chalybeate spring, both of which are 
much resorted to. 

The entire northern section of the State abounds in mineral 
waters, a few sulphur, but, for the most part, iron, magnesia, and, 
in the northwest, limestone. Very many of these springs have 
been fitted up with elaborate improvements for the accommo- 
dation of the public, and thousands resort to them annually 
in ^pursuit of health and amusement. Among the most note 
may be mentioned Madison Springs, chalybeate, in Madison 
county; Ponce de Leon Spring, in Fulton county, said to afford 
great relief in dyspepsia and kidney diseases; New Holland, 
White Sulphur and Gower Springs, in Hall county; Cohutta 
Springs, in Murray county; Porter Springs, in Lumpkin county; 
Catoosa Springs, in Catoosa county — our best improved watering 
place, with twenty four different varieties of mineral water; Gor- 
don Springs, in Whitfield county, and Rowland Springs, in Bar- 
tow county. Nearly all of these watering places are either on, or 
within a sliort distance of, some one of our railroads, and an. be 
reached with but little fatigue of travel. 

A freestone spring, about a half-mile southeast of Dahlonega, 
Lumpkin county, registers a temperature of 5"i° Fahrenheit, which 
is, probably, the lowest to be found in the State. 

WATER POWERS. 

In view of what has already been said of the face of the country 
— the difference in elevation between the mouths and the sources 



26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [88] 

of our rivers ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet— it is reasonable to 
conclude, from such data alone, that the water-powers of Georgia, 
if equaled, are not excelled by those of any other American State 
And such is the fact, as will fully appear from the official measure 
ments of the State Geologist : 

*'The principal water powers of Georgia are found north of a 
line passing through Columbus, Macon and Augusta. The waters 
of the branches, creeks and small rivers of this elevated region are 
accumulated several hundred feet above the ocean level, and pre- 
cipitated from the tough metamorphic rocks upon the lower Ter- 
tiary country below, thus forming some of our most gigantic water 
powers, at an elevation entirely free from malaria, and imme- 
diately surrounded by the cotton-growing regions of Carolina, 
Georgia and Alabama. 

"The estimates given below are for the theoretical horse power 
of the stream, without the accumulation of its waters in a reser- 
voir. The horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds. 

Chattahoochee river, Columbus 35,552 horse -power. 

Chattahoochee river. Fulton county . . 2,448 " *' 

Ocmulgee river, Lloyd's shoals 3,970 *' " 

Ocmulgee river, Seven Islands 2.040 '* *' 

Ocmulgee river, Capp's Shoals 508 '* *' 

Ocmulgee river. Glover's mill 1,368 '* '' 

Etowah river, Bartow county 2,250 " ** 

Etowah river, Franklin mines 1,029 " " 

Etowah river, Lumpkin county. 272 '* " 

Holt's Shoals, Bibb county 1,050 " ** 

South River, Butts county 350 '* " 

South River, Clarke's Factory 247 ' ' '' 

Snake creek, Carroll county 405 " " 

Pataula creek. Clay county 601 " *' 

Armuchee creek, Floyd county 151 " *' 

Coosa wattee. Carter's mill 3,085 " '' 

Oconee river, Long Shoals Factory 1,024 " " 

Oconee river, Riley's shoals 2,054 *' ** 

Oconee river, (tconee county 5,642 *• " 



<( (< 



Oconee river, Jackson county 2' 

Tallulah river, Habersham county 20,508 " ** 

Mulberry creek, Harris county 1,020 " " 

Towaliga, High Falls \ 1,530 " '' 

Yellow River, Cedar Shoals 1,302 " 

Yellow River, Cedar and Henley shoals . . ...... 2,000 '' " 

Little River, Eatonton Factory 155 " '* 

Nacoochee Gold Mining Co., White county 575 " " 

Savannah river, Augusta canal 14,000 " " 

These are only a few of the many which might be mentioned. 



[89] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 27 

The immense water-power of Anthony's Shoals, Broad river, in 
Wilkes and Elbert counties, has not been accurately estimated. 

MANUFACTURES 

A purely agricultural country, with slave labor as its main de- 
pendence — as Georgia was until a very recent date— is unfavorable 
to progress in manufactures and the mechanic arts. The cultiva- 
tion of the soil 3^ields such handsome returns, that the surplus 
capital of the planter has no motive for seeking other investments. 
It is, therefore, converted into new lands, which are abundant and 
cheap, and more negroes to work them ; and under the system no 
people ever attained to independence and wealth more rapidly. 
Habit, too, is a hard master, and when combined with interest, an 
absolute one. 

Such was our condition as a people previous to the late civil war. 
Tluit resulted in the freedom of the negro race, and in an entire 
change in our system of labor, as well as the destruction of our 
wealth and the desolation of our homes. With the great body 
of our people, from a variety of causes not necessary to be 
enumerated in this place, agriculture has not proved profitable 
under the new system of free black labor. Capital and in- 
dustry are, therefore, looking to other channels of employment, 
especially since the production of cotton has attained to, if 
it has not exceeded, the full measure of the world's demand. 
Northern capital, too, which accumulated immensely during the 
war while ours suffered and disappeared, has, of late years, sought 
new fields ; and none have presented greater promise than the 
utilization of the grand water-powers of Georgia, in the business 
of manufacturing, especially of our great staple, cotton, and at 
the very place of its production. This idea obtained some foot- 
hold in Georgia many years ago, and gave rise to our earliest es- 
says in the manufacture of cotton. The first factory was built on 
the Oconee river, four miles below Athens, in the year 1827. This 
proved successful, and was soon followed by others in the same 
county (Clark) and in Greene, Ricbmond, and other counties. 
From small beginnings these enterprises have developed into con- 
siderable magnitude of late years, and with a pecuniary success 
that points to them as the agents of a new and most prosperous 
era in the history of our State. The splendid water-powers of the 
Savannah, at Augusta, and the Chattahoochee, at Columbus, es- 
pecially, could not long fail to attract the attention of a people 
alive to their own interests, and to the general welfare. 

Georgia has great advantages, in this respect, over the New Eng- 
land States, which have heretofore manufactured most of the 
American cotton and wool fabrics. We have the cotton at hand, 
and can buy all we need at the mill, without the cost of transporta- 



28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [90] 

tion and the profits of middle-men. Wages are lower here than 
in New England. The cost of either water or steam power is less, 
and also the cost of building materials of every kind. The ex- 
pense of livnig is less. The climate is more favorable for the busi- 
ness, and our macLinerj'' is never obstructed by ice. In addition 
to these important advantages, the consumers of our manufactured 
products are at our very doors. For these reasons, the manufac- 
ture of cotton, wool, iron and wood are obliged to constitute im- 
portant interests in our State, at no distant day. 

We have already made greater progress in manufacturing than 
any other Southern State, as will be seen from the following statis- 
tics collected from reliable sources : 

There are already organized and in operation in the State, 37 
cotton factories; 14 wool factories; 7 paper factories (not including 
an extensive one in South Carolina owned almost exclusively in 
Georgia) ; 28 foundries and manufactories of iron ; 1,400 flour-mills, 
with ever 2,000 run of stones; 734 saw-mills; 34 gold quartz-mills, 
with 337 stamps. In addition to these, we have railroad, locomo- 
tive and car factories and work-shops ; plough and cotton-gin fac- 
tories; carriage and wagon factories; boot and shoe, and sash and 
blind factories, in large numbers. There are also tanneries, pot- 
teries, liquor and turpentine distilleries in great number. In Bar- 
tow county there is an extensive factory for the manufacture of 
hydraulic cement; it is doing a large business, and turning out an 
article of superior quality. There are also extensive establish- 
ments for the manufacture of fertilizers at Savannali, Home, Bar- 
tow county and Augusta. 

These are the leading manufacturing interests of Georgia. Al- 
though all industries are laboring under depression, to a greater 
or less extent, at the present time, in any of those named a skil- 
ful workman will seldom fail to procure employment, with remu- 
nerative wages. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

There are few things of greater interest to the citizen than the 
facilities for traveling, and getting the products of his industry to 
market. No man is willing to live in a country where he can 
leave home only at a great inconvenience and expense, or where 
he is compelled to consume a great part of the value of his pro- 
duce in finding a purchaser. 

In this particular, Georgia is peculiarly favored. Her natural 
and her artificial channels of commerce are rarely surpassed in 
any country. 

RIVER NAVIGATION. 

There is a good and safe inland navigation along the Georgia 
coast, from Savannah to Florida, connecting with the river St. 
John's, of the latter State, a distance of about 200 miles. 



[91] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 29 

The river Savannah is navigable by steamers the year round 
from its mouth to Augusta, a distance of about 250 miles, and 
thence, by flat or "keel" boats, to its confluence with the Broad, 
about 100 miles further by water. 

The Altamaha and its tributary, the Ocmulgee, are navigable 
by steamers to Hawkinsville, in Pulaski county, a distance of 340 
miles, and will soon be open to Macon, some 60 miles higher up. 
The Uconee, another tributary of the Altamaha, is open to steam- 
ers to the Central Railroad bridge, in Washington county, a dis- 
tance of 340 miles from Darien. 

The Chattahoochee, including the Apalachicola, is navigable 
from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, a distance of 400 miles. 

Th Flint is navigable 150 miles, to Albany, in Dougherty county, 
and can be readily opened to a much higher point. 

The Coosa runs 40 miles in Georgia, and is open to Greensport, 
Alabama. Its tributary, the, Oostanaula, is navigable 105 miles 
above Rome, and work is now progressing to open it 30 miles 
further. 

In addition to these, may be mentioned the Satilla, St. Mary's, 
Ocholochnee, Ohoopee and Ogeechee rivers, aggregating about 150 
miles, making a total of about 2,000 miles of river navigation 
within the State. 

RAILROADS. 

The State of Georgia is literally covered over with a net-work 
of railroads. There are but a few portions of it where a loaded 
wagon cannot reach the cars, discharge, and return home the 
same day, while to a very large proportion of our people the con- 
venience of a railroad is carried to their very doors. 

Georgia has 2,396 miles of railroad completed and in operation, 
or about one mile of road to every 488 inhabitants. They pene- 
trate every section of the State, except certain mountainous coun- 
ties in the ncv'thern division, through which, however, a line has 
been surveyed, and is nearly graded its entire length, from Ma- 
rietta, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, to the town of Mur- 
phey, in the State of North Carolina. If the roads in operation 
were uniformly distributed, there would be IS miles to the county ; 
the average distance of every farm fiom a railroad would be six 
miles, and the greatest distance twelve miles. 

RAILROADS IN GEORGIA. 

Western & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tenn 138 miles, 

Rome Branch, from Kingstim to Rome 20 ** 

Cherokee R. R., fi om Cartersville to Rockmart 23 '* 

A. & R. Air-Line, from Atlanta to Charlotte— in Ga 100 •' 

North-Eastern, from Athens to Lula City 40 '* 

Elberton Air-Line, from Ellxerton to ToGCoa City 51 '* 



30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [92] 

Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta 171 miles. 

Wasbiugton Branch, from Barnett to Washington. 18 " 

Athens Branch, from Union Point to Athens 39 " 

Savannah & Augusta, from Augusta to Millen 53 " 

Georgia Central, from Savannah to Atlanta 295 *' 

Sandersville Branch, from Tennille to Sandersville 3 " 

Eatonlon Branch, from Gordon to Eatont^n 39 " 

Thomaston Branch, from Barnesville to Thomaston 16 *' 

Savannah, Griffin and N. Ala., from Griffin to Carrollton 60 " 

Savannah & Skidaw»y, from Savannah to Isle of Hope 9 ** 

Montgomery Branch, from Isle of Hope to Montgomery 4 *' 

Atlantic & Gulf, irom Savannah to Bainbridge 237 " 

Live Oak Brancii, from Lawton to Live Oak, Fla 48 *' 

Albany Branch, from Thomasville to Albany 60 " 

Macon & Augusta, from Macon to Camak, Ga. R. R 74 " 

Macon & Brupswick, from Macon to Brunswick 186 

Hawkinsville Branch, from Cochran to Hawkinsville 10 '* 

Brunswick & Albany, from Brunswick to Albany 372 " 

South-Wchtern, from Macim to Eufanla, Ala 140 " 

Musrogee Branch, from Fort Valley to Columbus 71 " 

Perry Branch, from Fort Valley to Perry 11 " 

Albany Branch, from Smithville to Albany 23^ " 

Arlington Branch, f I om Albany to Arlington 35f " 

Fort Gaines Branch, fn.m Cuthbert to Fort Gaines 22 " 

North & South, from Columbus to Kingston 20 " 

Selma, Rome & Dalton, from Dalton to Selma, Ala.— in Ga., 67 " 

Atlanta & West Point, from Atlanta to West Point 861 " 

East Tennessee, from Dalton to Bri'itol, Va. — m Ga 18 '* 

Chattanooga & Alabama, from Chattanooga to Selma, Ala. — 

in Georgia 25 ** 

Dodge's R R., from Eastman, Dodge Co., to Ocmulgee R. 

(completed) 10 " 

Besides these railroads, in actual operation, there are upwards of 
200 miles now under construction, all of which will be finishea at 
an early day, when Georgia's system of railroad transportation 
will be complete. It will be seen that through these agencies the 
State is already in direct steam communication with every section 
of the Union. 

CANALS. 

Until recent years, Georgia has geven very little attention to 
this mode of transportation. Many years ago, a short canal of 
sixteen miles was constructed from the Savannah river, at Savan- 
nah, to the Ogeechee river, and it is still in use, chiefly for the 
transportion of timber and fire- wood, which are floated through 
in the form of rafts, or on flat-boats. 



[93] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 31 

About the same time, or at an earlier date, a canal was dug 
from the Altamaha to Brunswick, but the soil was found too po- 
rous to hold water, and after the expenditure of much money the 
project was abandoned as a failure. 

The Augusta canal, completed in 1875, is a great work. It was 
constructed wholly at the expense of the corporation of Augusta, 
for the purpose of utilizing the waters of the Savannah, on the 
banks of which that city is built, for manufactures of the various 
descriptions, and especially of cotton. It is supplied with w^ater 
from the Savannah river, is nine miles in length, 150 feet wide at 
at the top, and lOG wide at the bottom, with 11 feet depth of 
water, the supply of which is inexhaustible. It has n minimum 
of 14,000 horse power, and has an available fall of liom 13 to 40 
feet at various localities along the line. The city leases the 
water-powers to such works as may be erected on or near its 
banks, and extensive cotton and flour mills, machine works, 
and fertilizer manufactories have already been established. This 
power will, in time, make Augusta one of the leading manu- 
facturing cities of the Union. Through this canal the river boats 
from above are also admitted to the city, thus avoiding the ditti- 
cult navigation through the shoals that obstruct the river just 
above the city. 

The project of connecting the waters of the Mississippi with those 
of the Atlantic ocean, thus avoiding the long and costly land 
transportation across the Northern States, on the one hand, and 
the perilous navigation of the Mexican Gulf and West India 
route, on the other, has long occupied the attention of South- 
ern and Western statesmen and political economists. Georgia ap- 
proaches nearer to the great western rivers than any other State 
on the Atlantic coast, and the idea of floating the immense trade 
of the Mississippi and its tributaries across her territory and 
through her seaporti, is certainly worthy of serious attention. 

Of late years, this idea has crystalized into something practical, 
and there is a good prospect that we shall realize its consumma- 
tion at no distant day. The interest of the Federal Government 
is enlisted in the enterprise, and, some two years ago, Con- 
gress made an appropriation for the survey of a route for an " At- 
lantic and Great Western Canal." Thissurvey has been completed 
by the government engineers, and they have made their report, 
in which they declare a canal connecting the navigable waters of 
the Tennessee river (a tributary of the Mississippi) with the head 
of navigation on the Ocmulgee river (a tributary of the Altamaha 
which empties into the Atlantic) " eminently practicable,'' and 
at a "reasonable cost." Between the Tennessee and the Coosa 
rivers, the distance is 51 miles, but 17 of which will be actual canal, 
the rest slack-water. Between the Etowah (a branch of the Coosa) 



32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [94] 

aud the Yellow river (a tributary of the Ocmulgee which empties 
into the Altumaha) there is a distance of 100 miles, only 20 miles 
of which will be canal, the remaining 80 slack-water. The govern- 
ment engineers are now engaged in removing obstructions from, 
and deepening, the channels of these several rivers, preparatory to 
a commencement of work on the canal. This canal, when fin- 
ished, will be the shortest and cheapest line of water communica- 
tion between the Atlantic and the Mississippi valley; it will be 
open to navigation throughout the year, when Northern canals 
ai'e closed by ice, and Northern trains are obstructed by snows. 
Through this canal, the exhaustless mines of copper, iron, man- 
ganese and coal, of Georgia and Alabama, will be able to compete 
with the rest of the world, whilst the planters of the West will no 
longer have reason to complain that the profits of their grain are 
consumed iu the cost of transportation. It is estimated that a 
bushel of wheat can be profitably carried through this canal, when 
finished, from the Mississippi tr> an Atlantic port, for 6^ cents, 
while it now requires 15 cents to land a bushel in New York. The 
same difl'erence will obtain in other freights, and the reader may 
calculate for himself the effect of such a work upon the general 
prosperity of the South and West. 

POPULATION. 

The population of Georgia, as stated in the census of 1870— the 
last taken— numbers 1,184,109. Of these 638,926 are white, and 
595,182 black and mulatto. The white population of the coast 
country are the descendants of original settlers iiom England, 
Scotland aud the German speaking nations of Europe, with a con- 
siderable admixture of families from the Noithern States of the 
American Union. Middle Georgia was settled chiefly by immi- 
grants from Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas, while in 
Upper Georgia, whose settlement is of a very recent date, the in- 
habitants came chiefly from Tennessee and North and South Car- 
olina. 

Of the character of the people, it may be said that they are in- 
telligent, industrious, energetic, home-loving, and hospitable. 
Strangers never fail to receive a hearty welcome in Gc^orgia, nor 
to make friends, where their conduct is such as to commend them 
to others. No part of our population appears to feel more at home, 
and to pursue their various callings with a stronger confidence 
of success, than the natives of foreign lands who have crossed the 
great water and cast their lots in this favored land. Their exam- 
ples of industry, economy, cheerfulness, aud respect for law, have 
made them useful members of society, and large contributors to 
the energy and wealth of the State. Georgia al ways receives such 
accessions to her population with open arms, and readily adopts 



[95] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 33 

them as parts of her great repubican famly. In answer ot one of a 
series of questions recently sent from this Department to intelli- 
gent citizens in every county in the State, the almost unanimous 
response was, that the people desire immigration, and are pre- 
pared to extend a hearty welcome to all honest and industrious 
settlers from other countries. 

Georgians are, emphatically, a reading and thinking people, 
especially in matters involving their own political government. 
In no State in the Union do the people take a more lively interest 
in public affairs. Few States have contributed more great men to 
the national councils, and from the date of Indpendence till now, 
her soldiers have always ranked among the first on the field of 
battle. Our people are always equal to the occasion when it calls 
for brave or virtuous deeds, for acts of duty, or of kindness, or for 
personal sacrifice for the public good. No people ever turned their 
backs upon the desolations of war, and began the battle of life 
anew with stronger arms and stouter hearts than they ; and in no 
other Southern State has such progress been made in the work of 
recuperation. 

The negro population is receiving, equally with the whites, the 
benefits of the public school fund, are rapidly improving in intel- 
ligence, and becoming more efficient as field laborers under wise 
and just management and close supervision by employers. 

HEALTH. 

The idea obtains, among those who have not taken the trouble 
to inform themselves on the subject, that Georgia, because she is 
a Southern State, has an unwholesome atmosphere, making health 
insecure within her borders. This objection we have somewhat 
anticipated in our remarks on climate. There could be no greater 
error, as a comparison of vital statistics will abundantly show. 
The health of Georgia will average quite as well as that ot any 
State in the Union. Our citizens of Northern nativity will sus- 
^tain us in this declaration. The great diversity of climate, result- 
ing from a gradual elevation from the seacoast to the Piedmont 
country, amounting to from 1,600 to 1,800 feet, precludes the idea 
of a malarious country. In the low country^ immediately along 
the lines of rivers and swamps, it is conceded that the atmosj^here 
is impure, and that such districts are subject to remittent and in- 
termittent fevers during the summer and fall months ; these, how- 
ever, are generally of a mild type, and readily j'ield to proper med- 
ical treatment. But, owing to the favorable, face of the country 
in this section of the State, being plentifully supplied with hills 
and highlands, even those who cultivate the swamps and river 
bottoms, can fix their residences in the vicinity where they will 
o 



34 DEPARTMENT 0:P AGRICULTURE— GEORGIA. [96] 

not be exposed to their malarial influences. And these influences 
are being rapidly annihilated, year after year, by draining and re- 
ducing to dry culture the swamps, which, when thus reclaimed, 
become both harmless and among the most productive lands in 
the State. There are large districts that were considered next to 
Uninhabitable thirty years ago from this cause, but which are now 
filled with a thriving population, who find no difficulty in residing 
in them the year round. 

These latter remarks apply exclusively to the Southern division 
of the State ; in Middle and Upper Georgia, the atmosphere is as 
pure and wholesome, and the health of the inhabitants as perfect 
and uninterrupted, as on any portion of the continent. Indeed, 
these sections, especially the latter, are favorite resorts of invalids 
and pleasure-seekers during the summer and early fall months, 
from all parts of the South ; while the pine lands of Southern 
Georgia are annually visited in winter by large numbers from the 
Northern States suflfering from pulmonary affections, rheumatism, 
etc. Consumption is a disease almost unknown in Georgia, except 
when imported from other States. In Middle and Northern 
Georgia are to be found all our medicinal springs and watering 
places, and thousands annually throng to them in search of health 
or recreation. Under a theory that has obtained much favor 
among medical men of late years, that weak or diseased lungs 
require light and pure, rather than warm, air, the direction of 
pulmonary invalids has been considerably changed from the semi- 
tropical to the Piedmont region, during the winter months. The 
town of Marietta, in Cobb county, 1,132 feet above the sea, has for 
years been resorted to by that class of invalids, while the hotel at 
Mt. Airy, in Habersham county, 1,588 feet above the sea, was well 
patronised during the past winter by consumptives, and with 
happy results. 

For the information of those who object to Georgia on the score 
of latitude and its supposed unhealthiness, we would institute a 
single, but most striking, comparison : The State of Michigan, in 
the extreme northern portion of the Union, and bordering on 
Canada, with an atmosphere purified by perpetual bretzes from 
the surrounding lakes, is esteemed to be one of the liealthiest 
States in the Union. Her population and that of Georgia, accord- 
ing to the last census, approximate so nearly that there is a diflier- 
ence of but ^]ust fifty souls, and the vital statistics of the two States, 
respectively, show tijat their death rates are about the same. It 
is difficult to answer such facts and figures as these, and ignor- 
ance and prejudice must give way to truth founded on actual 
experience. 



[97] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 35 

EDUCATION. 

Every man who has a proper regard for the welfare of his pos- 
terity, in selecting a home for himself and family, will be influ- 
enced, in a large measure, by the facilities which it oflfers for the 
education of his children. In this respect, also, Georgia presents 
pecular advantages*, such as are enjoyed to a very limited extent 
in newly-settled countries, and superior, in all respects, to those of 
the other Southern Stales of the Union. To elaborate her system 
would require a volume, and we shall only glance at its various 
features. 

The University of Georgia, located at Athens, in Clark 
county, was incorporated and endowed by a donation of public 
lands, 40,000 acres, in the year 1784, or soon after the province was 
organized as a State. It has a permanent endowment of $370,552.17. 
It has five Educational Departments, thirteen professors, and ove;* 
Ivvo hundred students. The curriculum of studies is thorough. It 
admits "fifty meritorious young men of limited means," and 
''young men who design to enter the ministry, of any religious 
denomination,'' free of charge for tuition. The college libraries 
contain about 20,000 volumes. 

Connected with the University is the State College of Agricul- 
ture and the Mechanic Arts, with its Experimental Farm and 
Workshops. It has three Departments, viz.: Agriculture, Engin- 
eering, and Applied Chemistry, each with a regular course. The 
tuition in this school is made free to as many young men of the 
State as there are Representatives (175) and Senators (44) in the 
Legislature, and the students of both the University proper and 
the Agricultural and Mechanical Schools have, each, free admis- 
sion to the instruction given in the other, 

There are, also, a Law School, at Athens, and a Medical School, 
at Augusta, connected with the State University. 

The North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, Lump- 
kin county, at which near three hundred students are now being 
educated free of charge, is also attached to the State University 
and governed by the same board of trustees. It is proposed to es- 
tablish a similar school at a point more convenient than either 
Athens or Dahlonega to pupils residing in the southern half of the 
State, and it will no doubt be carried into effect at some future day. 
Military tactics are taught both at Athens and Dahlonega as a part 
of the regular course, and competent professors are provided in 
that department. 

Mercer University is located at Macon, Bibb county, was 
established by the Baptist church, and is wholly under the control 
of that denomination of Christians. It has nine professors, and 
the course of instruction is thorough. Attached to it are a Law 



36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [98] 

and a Theological Department, at Macon, and Preparatory schools 
at Penfield, in Greene county, and at Dal ton, in Whitfield county. 
Its libraries, contain about 12,000 volumes ; the buildings and 
grounds cost $150,000 ; endowment, $160,000. The institution enjoys 
a large patronage, a considerable portion of which is received 
from other denominations. % 

Emory College, at Oxford, Newton county, belongs to the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and is the joint property of 
the North Georgia, South Georgia, and Florida Conferences. Like 
the other colleges of the State, it is well supplied with apparatus, 
has a good library, and is well patronized. 

Pio NoNO College, at Macon, as its name imports, is a Roman 
Catholic institution, but recently established. It is well supported 
bj'^ our citizens of that religious faith, and bids fair to rank well 
among Georgia's institutions of learning. 

To the above may be added the Atlanta University, established , 
by northern donations for the education of the blacks, male and 
female, and supported, in part, by appropriations from the State 
Treasury. Its course of instruction, classical and mathematical, 
is very thorough. It has 4 professors, 9 teachers, a good library, 
and the classes of 1877-78 numbered, in the aggregate— 

Female Colleges. — For the education of females in the higher 
branches, we have a number of colleges, well distributed over the 
State. We mention the Wesleyan Female ^College, at Macon, 
the first female colllege ever ever established iu Georgia ; 
Cherokee Baptist Female College, at Rome ; Southern Masonic 
Female College, at Covington; Rome Female College, at 
Rome ; Dalton Female College, at Dalton ; Houston Female Col- 
leges, at Perry ; Conyers Female College ; Young Female College, 
at Thomasville; Andrew Female College, at Cuthbert; Monroe 
Female College, at Forsyth ; Gordon Institute, at Barnesville ; 
Gainesville College, at Gainesville ; Le Vert Female College, at 
Talbotton ; La Grange Female College and Southern Female Col- 
lege, at La Grange; Furlow Masonic Female College, at Americus, 
and West Point Female College. Nearly all these institutions are 
flourishing, and turning out annually, in the aggregate, large num- 
bers of well-educated and well-mannered young women to adoni 
and elevate society. 

Besides these, there are large numbers of high schools, both male 
and female, very many of them ranking among the best institu- 
tions of learning in the South. 

Nor is Georgia unmindful of her unfortunate children whom 
nature has stinted in the bestowment of her gifts ; nor has she 
been niggardly in providing for their wants in this respect, and 
in makiiig them useful to themselves and to others. Large and 
costly edifices have been erected by the State for the care and 



[99] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 37 

education of the blind, and" of the deaf and dumb— for the former 
at Macon, and for the latter at Cave Spring, in Floyd i^ounty. 
Both these unfortunate classes are taught not only in the learning 
of the schools, but also those useful occupations which render 
them measurably independent. 

There are, also, a goodly number of orphans' homes and schools 
in the State, maintained by private or denominational benevo- 
lence. 

Public School System.— The Common Schools of Georgia 
form, by far the most interesting feature of her educational sys- 
tem. Recognizing the great moral and political truth that intelli- 
gence and virtue form the basis of all good government, the peo- 
ple of Georgia have inserted in their Constitution, or fundamental 
law, a provision declaring that " there shall be a thorough system 
of common schools for the education of children," which " shall be 
free to all the children of the State," theexpensesof which " shall 
be provided for by taxation, or otherwise." In accordance with 
this constitutional provision, the necessary laws have been passed, 
and the system referred to is now in successful and beneficent op- 
eration, the whites and the blacks being educated in separate 
schools. The State appropriates annually, for the support of these 
free schools, about $300,000, and this sum is supplemented each 
year by local city and county appropriations to the amount of be- 
tween $140,000 and $150,000. The number of pupils in actual 
attendance on these schools last year (1877), was in round num- 
bers, 191,000, of whom 127,000 were whites and 64,000 blacks. The 
progressive interest in, and usefulness of, the system are illustrated 
by the statistics of attendance from year to year. In 1871, but 
seven years ago, when it was put in operation, the number of 
children taught was but 49,578—42,914 whites and 6,664 blacks. 
In 1874 the number had increased to 145,541 , in 1876, to 179,405 ; 
and in 1877, to upwards of 191,000. 

The Common School organization extends to every county in the 
State, and includes every district or subdivision of the counties 
where the population is sufficiently numerous to admit of a school ; 
so that there is scarcely a child in Georgia who is not within reach 
of a school where a good education can be obtained free of ex- 
pense. 

In fine, it may be said with truth that, as respects educational 
facilities and their adaptation to the public wants, the State of 
Georgia is in advance of all her sister Southern States ; while, in 
this respect, she is progressing year after year, and will soon stand 
side by side with the older and more favored commonwealths of 
the North. 



38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [1^0] 

RELIGIOT^. 

The laws of Georgia guarantee to the citizen perfect freedom of 
religious opinion and worship, and there is no political or civil dis- 
qualification on account of religious belief. Every denomination 
is not only tolerated, but protected, in the free enjoyment of faith 
and worship, As a necessary consequence, there is a complete 
separation of Church and State, both by law and practically. Each 
moves in its appropriate sphere, and neither is allowed to encroach 
on the other. 

The principal religious denominations in the Stat?, with their 
respective numbers, etc., are as follows : 

Baptist Church.— This is the most numerous religious denom- 
ination in the State. It has 114 Associations, 762 ordained minis- 
ters, and 279 licentiates, 2,532 churches, 209,790 members— of whom 
97,463 are blacks— 1 university, 3 high schools, 368 Sunday-schools 
with 3,695 teachers and 18,674 scholars. (Six Associations not re- 
ported.) 

Methodist Episcopal Church, South.— This church has two 
Conferences— Nortli Georgia and South Georgia— which, in the 
aggregate, have 314 traveling preachers, 636 local preachers, 88,148 
members, 907 Sunday-schools, 5,631 oflEicers and teachers, 43,106 
Sunday-school scholars, 1,033 churches with 279,853 sittings, and 
church property valued $941,570. It has 1 male college, 5 female 
colleges, several high schools for both sexes, and two orphan free 
schools. 

The negro members of this denomination, since emancipation, 
have been formed into an independent organization, under the 
auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, known 
as the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America, 
and number about 14,000. 

Methodist Episcopal Church (North). -This Church has been 
organized in Georgia since the war. It has 193 church buildings, 
worth $119,000, 395 preachers, 200 Sunday-schools with 716 officers 
and teachers and 8,800 scholars. The members number about 15,000, 
12,000 of whom are colored. It has one university and five or six 
schools for colored, and one high school for white pupils. 

Protestant Methodist Church, has a membership of 2,500 
persons. 

African Methodist Episcopal Church, has 41,000 members 
and about 100 colored ministers. 

Presbyterian Church.— This Church has 5 presbyteries, 157 
church organizations, 149 church edifices with 56,000 sittings, 75 
ministers, 5 licentiates, 8,258 members, 88 Sabbath-schools with 
4,669 scholars, and church property to the amount of $653,500 ; 
annual contributions, $78,643. 



[101] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 89 

The Associate Reformed Presbyterians, have 6 churches with 
2,000 sittings, 580 members, 5 ministers, and 6 Sunijay-schools with 
.^00 scholars. 

The colored people of the State have organized a separate pres- 
bytery, styled the Knox Presbytery, which has 6 churches, 6 min- 
isters, and about 1,000 members. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church, whose first bishop was 
elected in 1840, has 31 churches and stations, 83 clergymen, 4,30.5 
communicants, 25 Sunday-schools with 349 teachers and 2,510 
scholars ; annual contributions, $70,425,84. 

The Christian Church has 50 houses of worship, 40 minis- 
ters and 5,000 members. 

The Roman Catholic Church.— The Diocese of Georgia was 
organized and the first Bishop appointed in 1850. The rapid pro- 
gress of the Church is evident ed by its statistics : It has now two 
splendid cathedrals— in Savannah and Atlanta— 23 churches, 35 
chapels, 24 priests and 27,500 members. It owns 1 college, 3 male 
and 7 female schools, 1 orphan asylum, and church property to the 
amount of |()00,000. 

The Lutheran Church has 11 church organizations, 10 church 
edifices, and church property valued at $57,100. We have been un- 
able to ascertain the number of members. 

The Congregationalists have 10 churches with 2,800 sittings, 
and church property of the value of $16,550. 

The Universalists have 5 church organizations, 8 church edi- 
fices with 900 sittings ; church property valued at $900. 

The Unitarians are few in number, and two churches are all 
of which we have been able to obtain information. One is located 
at Augusta, has a fine church edifice for public worship, and a large 
and wealthy congregation ; the other is in Douglas county, but we 
have no information of its membership or condition. 

The Israelites.— From the best information obtainable, the 
Jews in Georgia number about 4,500. They have 6 synagogues — 2 
in Savannah, and 1 each, in Augusta, Atlanta, Macon and Co- 
lumbus, some of them fine and costly edifices. There are also 
congregations without synagogues or ministers in a number of the 
smaller towns, who are supplied, from time to time, by ministers 
from the five cities named above. Each congregation has its own 
benevolent society for the aid of the needy and distressed. They 
have Sabbath-schools of their own, but for secular education, for 
the most part, patronize the public and private schools of the State. 

STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

The Georgia Academy for the Blind is located at Macon, 
Bibb county, and is supported almost entirely by the State. Pupils 



40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [102] 

of both sexes, between the ages of 7 and 25 years, are admitted, 
though males, jpver 2,5 are received for instruction in the various 
trades. The ptipils are taught all the elementary branches of an 
English education, together with the Holy Scriptures, history and 
music. They are also instructed in such mechanical trades as can 
be imparted to the sightless. The blind are thus redeemed from 
ignorance through this public charity, and taught to be useful, 
and even self-supporting. The number of pupils ranges from 60 
to 75 ; number in 1877 — 62. The school is conducted by a Princi- 
pal, 2 Professors, S, assistants, and a Master of Workshops. 

Deaf and Dumb Institute.— This school is located at Cave 
Spring, in Floyd county, one of the most romantic and delightful 
sections of the State. It is also supported by the State, and annu- 
ally turns out quite a number of this truly unfortunate class, edu- 
cated suflaciently to enable them to enjoy free intercourse with 
others, and with occupations by which, with proper industry, they 
have no difficulty in earning a support. The number of pupils 
now in attendance is 70. The most approved system of instruc- 
tion is adopted in this institution, as well as in the Academy for 
the Blind. Besides the Principal, there are four male teachers, 
one female teacher and a matron. 

Lunatic Asylum.— The State of Georgia, many years ago, 
erected, at a heavy cost, near Milledgeville, then the seat of 
government, an Asylum for the care of lunatics, and by 
means of liberal appropriations, has enlarged the charity from 
year to year until the inmates have come to number 845, of whom 
there are whites 710—376 male, and 334 female. The blacks are 
separately provided for, and number 135, of whom 69 are males, 
and 66 females. The Asylum is both a home and a hospital: 
Under skillful physicians and nurses, the patients receive the best 
of attention, and large numbers are annually restored to health of 
mind and body. About ten years ago, the Legislature passed an 
act setting aside the Okefinokee Swamp, containing about 500,000 
acres of land — decided to be reclaimable at a small cost compared 
with its value for timber and agricultural purposes— as a perma- 
nent endowment for a State Orphans' Home ; owing however, to 
the fall in the price of lands and general depression of the agricul- 
tural interest, the humane intention of the Legislature has never 
been carried into effect. 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

Associations for mutual aid in times of sickness and distress 
are numerous in Georgia, and to be found in nearly all the counties 
of the State. The principal organizations are secret, and as fol- 
lows: 



[103] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 41 

The Free and Accepted Masons, the most ancient of orders 
and by far the most numerous in the State, has over 280 lodges 
and about 15,500 members. There are also eight chartered Com- 
manderies, with 320 members. 

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 48 lodges, and 
about 2,000 members. 

The Knights op Pythias, Knights op Honor ftnd Sons of Malta 
have each lodges in all of the cities and some of the smaller towns 
of the State, but we have failed to obtain definite information re- 
garding them. 

The Independent Order op Good Templars, a benevolent order, 
with a pledge of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, has 300 
working lodges and a membership numbering 10,000. 

Besides these, nearly all the churches have relief societies, and 
benevolent associations exist in all the cities of the State. A mer- 
itorious claim to charity, or temporary aid, is seldom disregarded 
in Georgia. 

GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA. 

The government of Georgia, in common with that of all the 
States of the American Union, is a Representative Democ- 
racy. All officers are chosen directly by the people, or by persons 
to whom the people, from motives of public policy or convenience, 
have delegated the power of election. 

Qualification of Voters.— The Constitution of Georgia pro- 
vides that every male citizen of the United States (except idiots, 
lunatics, and persons convicted, in any court of competent juris- 
diction, of treason against the State, embezzlement of public 
funds, malfeasance in office, bribery, larceny, or of any crime pun- 
ishable by imprisonment in the Penitentiary), who is twenty-one 
years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next 
preceding the election, and six months in the county in which he 
offers to vote, and who shall have paid all taxes that have been 
legally required of him, and which he has had an opportunity of 
paying, except for the year of the election, shall be deemed an 
elector, or person qualified to vote at all general elections. 

The Legislature.— The Legislative, or law-making power of 
the State, is vested in a General Assembly, consisting of two 
houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, the members of 
each being chosen once in every two years, on the first Wednes- 
day in October, by the qualified voters of the State. Its sessions 
are held biennially, commencing on the first Wednesday in No- 
vember, and cannot be extended beyond the period of forty days* 
except by a vote of two-thirds of both houses. 

The Senators are 44 in number, and chosen from districts com- 
posed of contiguous counties for that purpose. 



42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [104] 

The Representatives are 175 in number, and apportioned among 
the counties as follows: The six counties having the largest popu- 
lation are entitled to three members each ; the twenty-six coun- 
ties having the next largest population, to two members each; 
and the remaining one hundred and five counties to one Repre- 
sentative each. 

Neither the Senators nor Representatives can be increased in 
number. Senators must be twenty-five years of age, and four 
years citizens of this State. Representatives must be twenty-one 
years of age and two years residents of this State. 

The Executive. — The chief Executive power of the State is 
vested in a Governor, who is elected for two years by the qualified 
voters of the State, and is ineligible after the expiration of a sec- 
ond term, for the period of four years. He must have been a citi- 
zen of the United States fifteen years, of the State six years, and 
attained the age of thirty years. He has the revision of all bills 
and resolutions passed by the General Assembly before they be- 
come laws, and a two-thirds vote of each house is necessary to 
override his negative. He has power to grant pardons and re- 
prieves, to commute penalties, remit any part of a sentence, and 
to remove disabilities imp-sed by law ; in every case his action, 
and the reasons therefor, to be reported to the General Assembly. 
The appointing power of the Governor is confined to his own 
Secretaries and Clerks, the Commissioner of Education, Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture, State Geologist, State Librarian, Principal 
Keeper of the Penitentiary, Judge and Solicitor of the City Court 
of Atlanta, Judges and Solicitors of the County Courts, Commis- 
sioners for Mcintosh county and city of Darien, Mayor and Alder- 
men of St. Mary's, Trustees of the Lunatic Asylum, Trustees of 
the Academy for the Deaf and Dumb, and Visitors to the State 
University, Atlanta University, and to the Academies for the 
Blind and for the Deaf and Dumb. He has also power to fill all 
vacancies that may occur in othei" offices during the recess of the 
Legislature, or until a new election can be held. 

The Secretary of State, Comptroller General, Treasurer, and At- 
torney General are elected by the people, at the same time, in the 
same manner, and for the same term, with the Governor. 

Judiciary.— The judicial i^ower of the State is vested in a Su- 
preme Court for the correction of errors in the courts below, in 
Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justices' Courts and in Nota- 
ries Public, who are ex-otficio Justices of the Peace ; in some coun- 
ties in County Courts, and in some cities in City Courts. 

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate 
Justices, who are chosen by the General Assembly and hold their 
offices for six years. There are two sessions of this court each 
year, held at the Capital. 



[105] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 43 

There are twenty Superior Court Circuits, ia each of which there 
are a Judge and a State Solicitor, elected by the General Assembly 
every four years. The Superior Court meets in each county, not 
less than twice in each and every year. It has exclusive jurisdic- 
tion in cases of divorce, in criminal cases where the offender is 
subject to death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, in cases in- 
volving the title to lauds, and in equity cases. It tries appeals 
from inferior courts, and has concurrent jurisdiction with them in 
cases of debt. etc. It may issue writs of habeas cotpus, man- 
damus, injunction, scire facias, and all other writs necessary for 
carryiug its powers into full effect. 

An Ordinary is elected by the people of each county, and holds 
his office for four years. His jurisdiction embraces the pro- 
bate of wills and the management of estates by executors, admin- 
istrators and guardians. He has power over roads, bridges, 
ferries, public buildings, paupers, county funds, county taxes, 
etc., etc. 

The County Court Judges and Solicitors are appointed by the 
Governor, and the jurisdiction of the former, in civil cases, extends 
to contracts where the amount claimed as principal does not exceed 
$200, and to torts where the damage alleged does not exceed $100 ; 
to the eviction of intruders and tenants holding over, partition of 
personalty, the issuing of possessory and distress warrants, attach- 
ments of personalty, garnishments, the foreclosure of mortgages on 
personalty, etc. His criminal jur'sdiction embraces that of Jus- 
tices of the Peace, and, in addition, the trial of offenses below the 
grade of felony. There are, at present, but two city courts in the 
State, viz : of Savannah and of Atlanta. The Judge and Solicitor 
of the City Court of Savannah are elected every three years by the 
Mayor and Aldermen of the city. The Judge and Solicitor of the 
City Court of Atlanta are appointed by the Governor, and hold 
their offices for four years. The jurisdiction of these courts is var- 
iously limited by the several acts creating them. The civil juris- 
diction in Savannah is limited to cases where the amount involved 
is $1,000 or under, and is confined to the city ; whilst the criminal 
jurisdiction embraces the county of Chatham, and extends to all 
crimes not punishable by imprisonment in the Penitentiary. In 
Atlanta both the civil and the criminal jurisdiction of the court is 
concurrent with that of the Superior Court, except in cases where 
the Constitution vests exclusive powers in the latter; and em- 
braces the county of Fulton . 

Justices of the Peace are elected by the people, one for each 
militia district in the State, and hold their offices for four years. 
Their courts sit monthly, and have jurisdiction in all cases arising 
under contracts, and in cases of injury to personal property, where 
the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars. They have 



44 , DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [106] 

power to administer oaths, take affidavits, and issue attachments. 
In criminal matters they are the conservators of the peace in their 
respective districts and counties, may issue warrants for the arrest 
of persons charged with crime, examine such persons when 
brought before them, and commit, bind over, or discliarge, 
according to the law and the evidence. 

Notaries Public, one for each militia district, are appointed by 
the Judges of the Superior Courts upon the recommendation of the 
grand juries of the respective counties. They hold office for four 
years, and their jurisdiction and powers are the same with those 
of Justices of the Peace. 

All county officers are elected by the people, and (except the 
Ordinary) hold their offices foi- two years. A county officer must 
be a qualified voter, and must have been a resident of the county 
for two years next preceding his election. 

HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 

The Constitution of Georgia exempts from levy and sale, by 
virtue of any legal process whatever, (except in the cases named 
below,) of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, 
or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or 
infirm person, or person having the care and support of 
dependent females of any age, real or personal estate, or 
both, to the value, in the aggregate, of sixteen hundred dollars. 
Said property, however, is liable to levy and sale for taxes, for the 
purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material 
furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. 
The exemption includes not only the property itself, but all im- 
provements made thereon after it is set aside. A mortgage of 
property by the father during his lifetime, cannot, after his death, 
deprive his minor childred of a homestead, or exemption right in 
the mortgaged premises. 

LEGAL PROVISIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, ex- 
cept by due process of law. 

Every person has the right to prosecute, or defend, his own cause 
in any of the courts, in person, by attorney, or both. 

Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this 
State, shall have the privilege and benfit of counsel ; shall be fur- 
nished, on damand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the 
witnesses on whose testimony the charge is founded ; shall have 
compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses ; 
shall be confronted by the witnesses testifying against him, and 
shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. 



[107] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 45 

Perfect freedom to worship God according to the dictates of his 
own conscience, is guaranteed to every citizen. 

No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person, or prop- 
erty, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on ac- 
count of his religious belief. 

No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the liberty of 
speech or of the press. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- 
pers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable 
cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, particularly describing 
the place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be 
seized. 

The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legis- 
lation. 

There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 

The right of the people peaceably to assemble, and, by petition, 
or remonstrance, apply to the government for a redress of their 
grievances, shall not be denied. 

All citizens of the United States resident in this State are to be 
considered (Citizens of this State, and the Legislature shall make 
all necessary laws for their protection as such. 

No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of 
estate. 

Private property shall not be taken, nor damaged, for public pur- 
poses without just and adequate compensation to the owner. 

No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, shall be passed. 

No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent ver- 
dicts of two juries, at different terms of the court. 

Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where 
the land lies. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county 
where the defendant resides, and all criminal cases in the county 
where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior 
court, where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot 
be obtained in the county. 

Grand jurors are drawn from the body of the people, and must 
be experienced, intelligent and upright men. Traverse jurors are 
drawn in the same way, and must be intelligent and upright men. 

Taxes can be imposed for the following purpoess only : For the 
support of the State government and public institutions ; for edu- 
cational purposes ; to pay the interest and the principal of the 
pubhc debt; to suppress insurrection, repel invasion, defend the 
State in time of war, and to supply soldiers who lost a limb or limbs 
in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial 
artificial limbs during life. Taxes must be uniform on the same 



46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [108] 

class of subjects, and ad valorem on all property taxed. A poll 
tax shall be levied for educational purposes only, and shall never 
exceed one dollar per annum. 

The rate of taxation in Georgia, for State purposes, varies from 
year to year, according to the wants of the government, from 70 
cents to 100 cents on each $100 worth of property. The several 
counties are authorized, in addition, to levy a tax for county pur- 
poses, not to exceed Mty per cent, on the amount of State tax 
levied for the same year. 

The State shall contract no debt, except to supply casual defi- 
ciences (not to exceed $200,000), to repel invasion, suppress insur- 
rection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing 
public debt. 

The credit of the State shall not be loaned, or pledged, to any 
individual, companj^, corporation, or association ; nor shall the 
State become a joint owner, or stockholder, in any company, asso- 
ciation, or corporation. 

No county, municipal corporation, or political division, shall 
incur a debt to exceed seven per cent, of the assessed value of the 
taxable property therein ; and loans by the same to supply casual 
deficiencies, shall not exceed five per centum. 

Any county, municipal corporation, or joolitical division, which 
shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the Constitution, shall, 
at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and 
collection of an annual tax, sufficient in amount to pay the prin- 
cipal and interest of said debt within thirty years from the date 
of the incurring of said indebtedness. 

The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution, or order, 
grant any donation or gratuity in favor of any person, corporation, 
or association. 

A wife, notwithstanding marriage, continues to be the legal 
owner of the property she possessed at the time of marriage, and 
of any that may accrue to her by gift, bequest, or her own acquisi- 
tion, after marriage. 

The law creates a lien upon property for taxes, for judgments or 
decrees of courts, and in favor of laborers, landlords, mortgagees, 
mechanics, contractors, inn keepers, merchants and factors for 
furnishing supplies, and in some other cases. 

Titles to land can be passed only by will or deed in writing duly 
executed. The entailment of estates is prohibited by law. Gifts 
or grants in tail convey an absolute title. 

In making his will, a testaior may do what he chooses with his 

property, except that he cannot prejudice his creditors ; and the 

law considers his wife so far a creditor that he cannot deprive her 

of dower, except with her consent. 

Where a party dies intestate, the law requires his estate to be 



[109] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 47 



distributed as follows : After payment of expenses of administra- 
tion, of a year's support to the family, and the debts of the intes- 
tate, the remaining property goes: 1. To the husband or husband's 
children, if any, of a deceased wife ;' 2, to the wife or wife's chil- 
dren of a deceased husband, if any, the wife having one-fifth part 
of the estate if there be more than four children ; 3, to the children ; 
4, to the father, mother, brothers and sisters of the deceased. Chil- 
dren or grand-children represent a deceased distributee, the rule 
not extending, however, beyond the grand-children of a brother 
or sister. 

Upon the death of an intestate, his widow may elect to take a 
dower, or one-third interest for life, in the lands of her deceased 
husband, and share and share alike with the children in the per- 
sonal property ; or, she may relinquish her right of dower, and 
take a child's part, share and share alike, in all the property, to be 
her own absolutely. 

Females are not allowed the elective franchise, nor can they hold 
any civil office, or perform any civil function, unless specially au- 
thorized by law ; nor can any military, jury, police, patrol or road 
duty be required of them. 

The legal period of full age is 21 years. Persons between 21 and 
45 years of age are liable to military duty ; and between 16 and 50 
years, to road duty ; though the law makes certain exemptions 
from both services. 

LAWS OF FORCE IN GEORGIA. 
The laws of force in Georgia are thus graduated with reference 
to their obligation : 

1. The Constitution of the United States, the laws of the United 
States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the 
authorities of the United States, comprise the supreme law of the 
State. 

2. The Constitution of this State, 

3. Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State, 
including the Code, and the decisions of the Common Law and 
and Equity Courts of England prior to May 14th, 1776, when con- 
clusive as to the Common Law, except when changed or modified 
by statute of the State. 

RIGHTS AND EXEMPl'IONS OF ALIENS UNDER THE 
LAWS OF GEORGIA. 

While aliens are denied the right to vote, and hold office, by the 
laws of Georgia, all other provisions with regard to them are most 
liberal. So long as their governments are at peace with the 
United States, and with this State, they are entitled to all the 



48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [HO] 

rights of citizens of other States resident in this State. With cer- 
tain conditions, they can purchase, hold, and convey real estate ; 
they are protected in all their rights of person and of property ; 
they can sue and give evidence in our courts so long as the same 
comity is extended to our citizens by their governments. They 
may receive and enforce leins, by mortgage or otherwise, on real 
estate. They are exempt from military duty, except in the sup- 
pression of insurrections and repelling local invasion, and also 
from service in the courts as grand or traverse jurors. 

The conditions on which an alien or unnaturalized person may 
hold land in this State are thus set forth in our statute : 

"An alien may be may be permitted to acquire title to, and hold, 
lands within this State, upon taking an oath in writing, to be filed 
in the Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the county in which 
the land lies, tliat it is his intention bona fide to improve the same ; 
and if said alien shall fail, or neglect, within one year after the 
purchase aforesaid, to begin such improvement, said land shall be- 
come subject to an annual tax of fifty cents per acre for each and 
every acre so held by him ; and, on failure to pay the same, it shall 
be the duty of the tax collector of said county to set up and expose 
to sale so much of said land as may be necessary to pay such tax, 
having first given sixty days notice of the time and place of sale, 
in one or more of the public gazettes of this State ; the overplus, if 
any there be, after the payment of the tax aforesaid, and the costs 
accruing thereon, to be deposited with the Ordinary of said county, 
to be applied to educational purposes, if uot called for bj'^ the owner 
thereof within two years alter such sale : Provided^ that no alien 
shall hold or purchase more than one hundred and sixty acres of 
land until he had declared on oath his intention to become a cit- 
izen." 

NATURALIZATION. 

The acts of Congress provide that an alien may become a citizen 
of the United States on the following conditions : 

1. He shall declare on oath, before a Circuit or District Court of 
the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, 
or a court of record in any of the States having common law juris- 
diction and a seal and clerk, two years, at least, prior to his ad- 
mission, that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of 
the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidel- 
ity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and, 
particularly, by name, to the prince, j^otentate, state or sovereignty 
of which the alien may be at the time a citizen or subject. 

2. At the time of making this application, he must take an oath 
before the same court to support the Constitution of the United 



[Ill] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 49 

States, and that he entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance 
and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, etc. 

3. At the time of admission, he must prove, to the satisfaction 
of the court, by testimony other than his own, that he has resided 
in the United States five years at least; that during that time he 
has maintained a good moral character, and that he is attached to 
the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well 
disposed to the good order and preservation of the same. He must 
also renounce any hereditary title, or order of nobility, that he may 
have borne, if any, previous to his admission to citizenship. 

4. If the alien be under twenty-one years of age, and has re- 
sided in the United States three years previous to his arrival at 
that age, if he subsequently apply for admission, the three years of 
his minority will be counted in estimating his five years of resi-* 
dence, and he will be allowed to make the foregoing declarations 
and oath at the time of his admission. 

5. The minor children, or those under twenty-one years of age, 
of persons who have been duly naturalized, if dwelling in the 
United States, are held and considered as citizens thereof. 

6. By special act of Congress, passed July 17, 1862, any alien of 
the age of twenty-one years, and upwards, who has enlisted, or 
may enlist, in the armies of the United States, either the regular 
or the volunteer forces, an(l has been, or may be hereafter, honor- 
ably discharged, shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition, 
without any previous declaration of his intention, and upon proof 
of only one year's residence in the United States previous to his 
application to become a citizen, of his good moral character, and 
that such person has been honorably discharged from the service 
of the United States. 

7. Seamen who have served three years on any merchant vessel 
of the United States, after making a declaration of their intention, 
shall be entitled to become citizens upon application, and the pro- 
duction of a certificate of discharge and good conduct during that 
time, together with a certificate of their declaration of intention 
to become citizens. 

STATE AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS. 

There are two State Agricultural Organizations, viz : the State 
Agricultural Society and the State Grange. 

The former was organized in 1846, and with the exception of 
eeven years during and after the late war, has continued its active 
and efficient work to the present time. It is now a representative 
body, composed of delegates elected annually by local organiza- 
tions which exist in nearly every county in the State. 

It holds serai-annual conventions, one in February, at some 



^0 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [112] 

point in the lower half of the State, aud one in August, in the 
upper half. 

It has accomplished great good to the agricultural interests of 
the State by these semi-annual conventions, and by its Annual 
Fairs. The transactions of this society, all of which have been 
published since 1872, constitute a valuable contribution to South- 
ern agricultural literature. 

THE STATE GRANGE. 

This is a secret Agricultural Organization, known as the Patrons 
of Husbandry, composed of representatives, ladies and gentlemen, 
from local granges. 

Its general objects are the same as those of the State Society, 
but attendance upon its meetings is confined to members of the 
order of Patrons of Husbandry, while those of the Society are 
open to the public. This organization, too, has rendered valuable 
service to the agriculturists by securing concert of action and more 
general co-operation among the farmers of the State. It is, how- 
ever, less active at tbis time than it was a few years after its or- 
ganization. 

NORTH GEORGIA STOCK AND FAIR ASS OCCIATION. 

Thi^ is a joint Slock Association recently organized with $40,000 
stock. This is, financially, a very strong organization, the leading 
object of which is the improvement of the live stock of the State. 

DISTRICT AND COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS. 

Besides the county Societies, neighborhood clubs and Granges^ 
some of which are to be found in nearly every county in the State, 
there are, especially in Middle and Southwestern Georgia, many 
district and county Fair Associations, which are doing much to 
stimulate progressive agriculture and horticulture. 

THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

This society was chartered and organized as a joint stock associ- 
ation in 1876. 

It is devoted to the encouragement of profitable vegetfvble and 
fruit production in the State, and, though now only about to com- 
plete the second year of its existence, it has, by the concerted labors 
of the most advanced and intelligent horticulturists of the State, 
materially stimulated systematic fruit culture, which had previ- 
ously been so sadly neglected. Partly as the result of the work of 
this society, the planting of fruit trees during the last winter and 
spring far exceeded that of any previous season in the history of 
the state. 



[113] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 51 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

As the result of the persistent recommendations of the State 
Agricultural Society and the State Grange, the Governor of the 
State recommended in his annual message and the Legislature 
established by law, a Department of Agriculture in 1874, the first 
of its kind established in any State in the Union. It is presided 
over by a Commissioner whose duties are elaborately defined by 
law. 

This Department now about to complete its fourth year has, by 
its work, in promoting advanced agriculture, become firmly fixed 
in the hearts of the people, who, somewhat indifferent towards it 
when first established, now regard it as one of the most important 
and useful branches of the State government. 

The Commissioner has the general supervision of the inspection 
and analysis of fertilizers and has, by systematic and vigilant ex- 
ecution of the laws relating to the same, not only afforded ample 
protection to the farmers against the sale of spurious or fraudulent 
commercial fertilizers, but has caused to be paid into tbe treasury 
of the State more than $22,000 after deducting the expenses of in- 
spection and analysis and the annual appropriation of $13,200 to 
the Department, the total income from that source during the 
season just ended being about $45,000. 

The publications issued from the Department and distributed 
among the farmers of the State have been of an instructive char- 
acter, and have been highly appreciated not only by the people of 
Georgia, but have been eagerly sought by those of other States. 
The " Manual of Sheep Husbandry in Georgia " has given an im- 
petus to that industry never before known in the State, and is at- 
tracting capital from other States for investment in the cheap 
lands and perennial pastures so well adapted to this impoi'tant in- 
dustry. The " Manual on the Hog ", and other pamphlets issued 
by the Commissioner, have attracted much attention, both in 
Georgia and elsewhere. Those containing the analyses of fertil- 
izers, formulae for composts and the results of the soil tests of 
fertilizers, have been especially sought by the farmers of Georgia 
and other Southern States. 

A '• Hand Book of Georgia" was issued by the Commissioner in 
1876, in which is given a full accountof the varied resources of the 
State, its condition and institutions. This book supplies a want 
long felt by the people of Georgia, and furnishes reliable informa- 
tion to those in search of the most propitious field of immigration. 
The demand for this work has been so great that the first and 
second editions were speedily exhausted, and yet the demand con- 
tinues. 

These various publications have attracted the attention of the 



5-2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [H^j 

reading public in the Northern States of the Union and many, 
who were looking to the West as the most inviting field for emi- 
grants, are now making inquiry in regard to Georgia preparatory 
to seeking homes among us. 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The office of fcstate Geologist was created in 1874, a Geologist ap- 
pointed, and the active work of making a ''careful and complete 
geological, mineralogical and physical survey of the State" 
begun. 

Some of the results of this survey have already been given in 
this work in the chapter on mineral resources, water powers, 
woods, etc. 

Its investigations have developed wealth before neither known 
nor appreciated by the people of the State, and, though but little 
more than half completed, it is impossible to estimate the benefits 
that have accrued to the State and its people. 

The efleets of the labors of the State Geologist during the last 
lour years will be felt by future generations. Capital, in large 
amounts^ has already sought investment in our rich mining lands, 
and our water powers will attract still more. 

The survey has developed the fact that Georgia is not only rich 
in agriciflltural resources, but unsurpassed in mineral wealth and 
manufacturing faeilities. 

NEWSPAPERS— 1878. 

The following list comprises all the newspapers printed in Georgia 
at the present time, with their places of publication alphabeticallj 
arranged. It will be seen that there are 9 dailies, 2 tri-weeklies, and 
114 weeklies — total, 125. Most of the dailies publish tri-weeklies, and 
both dailies and tri-weeklies have weekly editions i 

Alapaha (Berrien county) — News, weekly, 

AXhany—News, weekly ;. Advertiser^ weekly. 

Americus — Sumter Bepublicmn,. tri-weekly and weekly. 

Athens — Southern Bmmer,- weekly ; Chronicle, weekly ; Watchman, 
weekly. 

Atlanta — Constitution, daily ; Independent, weekly ; Republican, week- 
ly ; Sunny South, weekly ;. Christian Index, weekly : Methodist 
Advocate^ weekly ; Planter and Grange, weekly; Southern En' 
» terprise, monthly ; Homeward Star, monthly. 

Augusta — Chroniele and GonstitutionaUst, daily ; Evening News, daily. 

Bainbridge— 7>ew»etf'm^,. weekly. 

Barnesville — Gazette, weekly. 

Blakely — Early Co^mty News, weekly. 



[115] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 53 

Brimsvf'ick— Appeal, weekly. 

Buena Yistn— Argus, weekly. 

Butler — Herald, weekly. 

Calhoun — Times, weekly. 

Canton — Cherokee Georgian, weekly. 

CATne.sy\\\Q~FrankUn County News, weekly. 

Carrollton — Times, weekly. 

Cartersville — Express, weekly ; Free Press, weekly. 

Cave ^prmg—Enierpj^'se, weekly. 

Cedur Town— Record, weekly ; Express, weekly. 

Columbus — Enquirer- Sun, daily ; Times, daily. 

Conyers — Examiner, weekly- ; Weeldg, weekly. 

Covington— S'to?', weekly ; Enterprise, w^eekly. 

CvAwioTdYiWe— Democrat, weekl}'. 

Cumming — Georgia Methodist, weekly. 

Cuthhert— Appeal, weekly; True Southron, weekly. 

Dahlonega — Signal, weekly. 

1)9.110X1— Enterprise, weekly ; North Georgia Citizen, weekly. 

T>-dTien— Timber Gazette, weekly, 

Dawson — Journal, weekly. 

T)ong\sxsYil\e— Medium, weekly. 

Dublin — Post, weekl}" ; Gazette, weekly. 

Eastman — Times, weekly. 

IRdtonton— Brood- Axe and liemizer^ weekly, 

Elberton — Gazette, weekly. 

El i j ay — Courier, weekly. 
Fairburn — Star, weekly. 
Forsyth — Advertiser, weekly. - 

Fort Y alley— Mirror, weekly. 

Franklin — Register, weekly. 

fiainesville —Eagle, weekly ; North Georgian, weekly ; Southron 

weekly. 
<jYiHiniihoro— Home Journal, weekly-, Herald, weekly. 
Oreenville — Vindicator, weekly. 
ijrrlf^n— Daily News, daily ; Sun, weekly. 
W'ATSiWiofii— Journal, weekly. 
Hampton — Weskly, weekly. 
Harmony Grove— Progress, weekly. 
Hartwell— ^?^/i, weekly. 
Hawkinsville — Dispatch, weekly. 
Indian Spring — Argus, weekly. 
Irvirmton— Southerner aiul Appeal, weekly, 
JetTerson — Forest News, weekly. 
Jesup — Sentinel, weekly. 
Jonesboro — Neics, weekly. 
LaGrange — Reporter, weekly. 



54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [116] 

La,wrencevi\\e— Herald, weekly. 

Lexington — Oglethorpe Echo, weekly. 

Louisville — News and Farmer, weekly. 

Lumpkin — Independent, weekly. 

Macon — Telegraph and Messenger, daily ; Wesleyan Christian. Adwcate, 

weekly ; Central Georgian, weekly. 
McVille (Telfair conniY)— Southern Georgian, weekly. 
Madison — Home Journal, weekly. 

Marietta — Journal, weekly ; Field and Fireside, weekly. 
Milledgeville — Union and Recorder, weekly ; Old Capital, weekly. 
Montezuma — Weekly, weekly. 
Perry — H&ine Journal, weekly. 
Newnan — Herald, weekly. 

Quitman — Reporter, weekly ; Free Press, weekly. 
Ringgold — Catoosa Courier, weekly. 

Rome — Bulletin, daily ; Tribune, tri-weekl}'- ; Courier, weekly. 
Sandersville — Herald and Georgian, weekly ; Courier, weekly. 
Savannah — Morning News, daily; Recorder, weekly; Telegram, weekly: 

Times, weekly; Abend Zeitung , weekly. 
Social C\VQ\Q—Vidette, weekly. 
Sparta — Times and Planter, weekly. 

Stone Mountain — DeKalb County News, weekly; Spider, weeekly. 
Summer ville — Gazette, weekly. 
Swainsboro — Herald, weekly. 
Talbotton — Standard, weekly ; Register, weekly. 
Thomaston — Enterprise, weekly. 
Thomasville — Enterprise, weekly ; Times, weekly. 
Thomson — McBuffie Journal, weekly. 
Toccoa — Herald, weekly. 
Valdosta — Times, weekly. 
Warrenton — Clipper, weekly. 
Washington — Gazette, weekly. 

WsLyne^hoTO—Expositor, weekly. .,.) 

West Point —State Line Press, weekly- 



PART II. 

Sectional Divisions and County Statistics. 



Showing the Distinctive Features of the Various Portions oftheStatk, 
Arranged in Divisions with a view to More Intelligible Presenta- 
tion, Together with Statistical Facts of Public Interest in Relation 
TO the Several Counties which Compose Them, Respectively. 



The very full information respecting the various sections and counties of 
the State, contained in the following pages, is condensed from answers 
made by a number of intelligent and responsible citizens in each county to 
a series of questions propounded by this Department, and designed to em- 
brace every general and local characteristic that is of sutticient importance 
to interest the public. Where correspondents in the same county differ, 
the average of their answers is given. In order to observe greater particular- 
ity of description in this part of the Manual, the State has been divid-^ 
ed into six Divisions, or Sections, instead of three, as used in Part I. It 
may be proper, also, to remark that the word ''irreclaimable" as applied to 
the swamp lands of the State, is not to be received in its exact sense, but 
only as indicating that such lands cannot be reclaimed except at a cost 
which our people are at present unable to pay. The proportion of " cleared " 
lands, includes all that portion where the original forest has been removed, 
much of which, after exhaustion and abandonment, has again grown up 
with old field pines and other vegetation. 

It is regretted that the statistics of a few of the towns are incomplete ; 
the Commissioner has made earnest and persistent eiforts with the local au- 
thorities, and others, to obtain them, but in vain. 

NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. 

This division embraces nineteen counties, stretching from the Savannah 
and Tugalo rivers in the east, to the Cohutta range of mountains in the 
west. It is that part of the State which possesses the greatest elevation, the 
average being 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, while there are peaks 
which rise to an elevation of near 5,000 feet. The region is nietamorphic» 
or composed of rocks changed from their original condition by heat and 
pressure. The geological formations are granite, gneiss, mica, and horn- 
blende schists; soils red and gray, resting on a basis of firm clay, usually 
red but sometimes yellow, white, and blue mixed with gravel, the latter 
chiefly on lowlands. The clay, or subsoil, is usually found from four to six 
inches below the surface on uplands, from one to two feet in the valleys, 



56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. L^^^l 

and from two to six feet in river bottoms. The original forest growth is, 
chiefly, red, black, post, and white oaks ; chestnut, black-jack, hickory, 
short-leaf and spruce pine, cedar, dogwood, black-gum, walnut, with poplar^ 
ash, elm, sycamore, birch, sweet-gum and white-oak on the lowlands. This is 
the great auriferous region of the State, the net yield of gold being equal to 
that of any section of the Union, California not excepted. Copper, lead, 
magnetic iron ore, mica, asbestus, marble, ruby, serpentine, corundum, are 
also found in considerable quantities, and may be mined with profit. 

The lands are generally rich and productive, the yield depending wholly 
on the skill used in their cultivation. The staple field products are Indian 
corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, clover, the various grasses, and sorghum 
cane, while in the southern poriion of the division cotton is grown to a 
considerable extent. The average yield per acre, under fair cultivation, is : 
corn, 20 bushels; wheat 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; bar- 
ley, 25 bushels, hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; cotton, 
400 pounds in the seed. Under high culture, two, three, and sometimes 
four times this production is realized. Tobacco, buckwheat, and German 
millet can olso be grown wi';h great success. The planting and harvest 
times of the division are as follows : corn, planted 15th March to 15th May, 
gathered in fall months; wheat and other small grain sowed in October, 
harvested in June and July; cotton planted 15th April to 15th May, gath- 
ered in fall months ; sorghum planted in April, cut in August. A very 
large proportion of the laborers, both farm and mine, are white ; wages of 
former, $8 to $10 per month ; of latter 75 cents to $1 per day ; ordinary me- 
chanics, $1 to .^2 per day, according to skill. 

The fruits best adapted to the section are, the apple, cherry, pear, grape, 
plum, in all its varieties, peach, gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry— the last 
named producing equally well in ad parts of the State with like cultivation. 
Almost every variety of vegetables attains to grent perfection. 

The climate is unsurpassed on thecontinent for comfortand salubrity, dur- 
ing nine months of the year. The niean temperature in summer is 70°, Fah- 
renheit, in winter 35°; highest temperature 90°, lowest 8°— periods of greater 
heat and cold being exceptional. Snow falls usually from two to three times 
during the winter season, especially in the northernmost counties, to a depih 
varying from two inches to six inches. In the southern tier of counties, 
there are occasional winters without a fall of snow. 

Springs and running streams abound in all parts of the district; water 
powers unsurpassed ; spring and well water freestone, and not excelled in 
any country. Mineral springs— sulphur or chalybeate— abound in nearly 
all the counties of the district. That portion of it— the eastern— to which 
railroad transportation has been opened, is annually visited by thousands, 
many of whoni spend the entire summer and part of autumn at its water- 
ing places and pleasant villages. It may be said of this, and indeed of all 
other sections of the State, that the people are anxious for new settlers, and 
are ready to give a cordial welcome to honest and industrious immigrants 
from all countries, including our own. Lands can be bought at low prices 
and on favorable terms, as regards the payments— in the mountains from $1 
to $5 per acre, and in the valleys and lower portions of the district from $5 
to $10 per acre. The average price of farm stock varies but little in the 



[119] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 57 

State, and may be stated as follows : milch cows, $15 to $20 ; sheep $1.50 to 
$2 ; brood sows. $5 to $8 ; horses and mules $75 to $100. 

COUNTIES. 

Banks — Population, in 1S70, the date of the last census, 4,973 — 4,052 white, 
'.yii black. Two per cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, thirty - 
three per cent, of tillable land cleared, seventy-five per cent, field labor per- 
formed by whites, twenty-nine public free schools for whites and four for 
blacks, Baptist churches ten, Methodist eight, Presbyterian three. 

Homer, the cnpital town, is 10 miles from Air-Line Railroad, has a popu- 
lation of 110 — 100 whites 10 blacks— 20 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 
1 school with 30 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 1 grocer v store, 1 physician, 2 
Lawyers. 

Da wsox— Population in 1870, 4,369—4,032 white, 337 black. Ten per 
cent, of county too mountainous for culture, of tillable land 30 per cent, 
cleared, gold mined to considerable extent with good success, pounding mill 
in county, copper and silver also discovered. 90 per cent, field labor done by 
whites, public free schools 24 for whites, 2 for blacks, sevdal private schools. 
Baptist churches 17, Methodist 14, Universalist 1. 

BawsonviUe, the capital town, is 23 miles from Air-L.ine Railroad, has a 
population of 225—200 white, 25 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
churches, 1 school with 40 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 2 
physicians, 1 lawyer. 

Fannin— Population, in 1870, 5,429—5,285 white, 144 black ; 20 per cent, 
of area too mountainous for cultivation, li per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 
40 per cent, of tillable land cleared. 99V per cent, of farm laborers white ; 
the minerals are gold, copper, iron, mica, marble, limestone; copper mines 
in western part of county very rich, marble in great abundance and of 
many varieties ; 34 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 16 Methodist 
churches, 15 Baptist ; 1 iron furnace, 12 operatives ; 1 wool-carding ma- 
chine, flour and lumber mills. 

Morgardon, the capital town, on line of survey Marietta & North Georgia 
Railroad, has 107 inhabitants— 103 white, 4 black, 22 private dwellings, 1 
hotel. 1 church, 1 school with 50 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 
5 physicians. 3 lawyers. 

Forsyth— Population, in 1870, 7,983-6,862 white, 1,121 black; 5 per 
cent, too mountainous for tillage ; 50 per cent, tillable land cleared ; 90 per 
cent, field labor performed by whites; minerals— gold, copper, iron ore, but 
limited in extent; public free schools 51 for whites, 9 for blacks; Baptist 
churches 15. Methodist 10. 

Gumming, the capital town, is 12 miles from Air- Line Railroad, 40 miles 
from Atlanta, has population 400—385 white, 15 hi tck. sixty private dwell- 
ings, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 1 school, 60 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 mixed 
stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 

Franklin— Population, in 1870, 7,893-6,034 white, 1,859 black; 5 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for tillage; 40 {.er cei't. tillable land 
cleared ; 75 per cent, field labor performed by whites ; public free schools 



68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [^20] 

36 for whites, 4 for blacks, besides private schools ; Baptist churches 20, 
Methodist 15, Presbyterian 4 ; 5 wool-carding machines, 1 cotton factory. 

Oamesville. the capital town, is 18 miles from Air-Line Railroad, same 
distance from market town, has population 730—700 white, 30 black. 165 
private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 76 pupils, 4 mixed 
stores, 2 drug stores, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Gilmer— Population, in 1870, 6,644 -6,527 white, 117 black ; 33 per cent, 
of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 33 per cent, of tillable land 
cleared; minerals — gold, copper, iron, marble, slate; mining limited in ex- 
tent ; large stratum of limestone running along sidi^ of iron belt ; 35 public 
free schools for whites, 1 for blacks, besides private schools; 23 Baptist 
churches, 20 Methodist. 

Ellijay, the capital town, is 40 miles from Western & Atlantic Railroad, 
has a population 203—200 whites. 3 blacks, 35 private dwellings, 1 hi'tel, 3 
churches, 1 high school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 mixed 
stores, 3 physicians. 2 lawyers. 

Gwinnett— Population, in 1870, 12,431—10,272 white, 2,159 black ; 5 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for tillage ; of tillable land 58 per cent, 
cleared; some gold, but not mined of late years; 75 per cent, field labor 
performed by whites; public free schools, 52 for whites, 13 for blacks, be- 
sides private schools; 20 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 Episcopal, seve- 
ral Presbyterian. 

Lawrenceoille, the capital town, is 8 miles from Air-Line Railroad 30 
miles from Atlanta, has a population of 600—400 white, 200 black, 175 pri- 
vate dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 80 scholars, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 

Habersham— Population, in 1870,6,322-5,373 white, 949 black; 10 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 30 per cent, tillable land 
cleared; minerals— gold, iron, asbestus ; 90 per cent, field laborers white; 
30 public schools for whites, 3 for blacks; Baptist churches 24, Methodist 8, 
Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1. 

Clarkesville, the capital town, is 7i miles from Air-Line Railroad, 87 from 
Atlanta, has a populati m of 290—218 white, 72 black. 71 private dwellings^ 

2 hotels, 3 churches, 2 schools with 40 scholars, 8 dry goods stores, 4 grocery 
stores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 

Toccoa City, on Air-Line Railroad, 92 miles from Atlanta, has a popula- 
tion of 900— 600 white, 300 black, 125 private dwellings, 2hotels. 5 churches, 

3 schools with 100 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 24 mixed stores, 3 phy.si- 
cians, 3 lawyers. 

Mount Airy, on same road, 9 miles from Clarkesville, 80 miles from At- 
lanta, bids fair to become a place of note; is most elevated town and rail- 
road point in the South, being 1,610 feet above the sea, and 560 feet above 
Atlanta ; has now 86 inhabitants— 60 white, 26 blajk, 14 private dwellings, 
1 large and splendid hotel, 2 churches. 1 school with 20 scholars, 4 mixed 
stores, 1 physician. 

Hall— Population, in 1870. 9,607—8,317 white, 1,200 black ; 10 per cent, 
of county loo mountamous for tillage ; 30 per cent, tillable land cleared ; 



[121] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 59 

minerals — gold. (large amounts invpsted in working) copper, silver, iron, 
lead, manganese, mica, asbestos, most of precious stones, including dia- 
monds; 90 per cent, miners and field laborers white; public free schools. 57 
for whites, 5 for blacks ; G Baptist churches. V Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal. . 

Gainesville, the capital town, is on Air-Line Railroad, 54 miles from At- 
lanta, has a population of 2,500—2,000 white, 500 black, 500 private dwell- 
ings, 4 large hotels, 1 la.ik 4 churches, 5 schools with 400 scholars, 3 
weekly newspapers, ]5 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores; 6 physicians, 
15 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Hart— Population, in 1870, 6,783—4,841 white, 1,942 black; 30 per cent, 
of tillable land cleared ; minerals— gold, copper, black lead ; several mines 
gold worked with great success before the war, no operations now ; 70 per 
cent, field laborers white; public free schools, l"9 for whites, 6 for blacks; 
Baptist churches 11, Methodist 9, Presbyterian 2. Seceding Baptist 2, ; 1 fac- 
tory for cotton yarns, 30 hands. 

Bariwell, the capital town, is 30 miles from Air-Line Railroad at Toccoa 
City, 40 miles from Athens, has a population of 350—300 white, 50 black, 
50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 7 1-wyers, 1 
dentist. 

Jackson— Population, in 1870, 11,181—7,471 white. 3.71') black; whole 
area tillable ; 44 per cent, cleared ; gold, silver, mica, copper found, but not 
sufficient for raining ; 6G per cent, farm laborers white ; public free schools, 49 
for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 17, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 5, 
several Christian and Universalist ; furniture, wagons, baggies, manufac- 
tured to some extent. , 

Jffftirson, the capital town, ,s 18 miles from Athens, the market town, 9 
miles from North Western Railroad. (Further details not reported.) 

Lumpkin— Population, in 1870, 5,161— 4,699 white, 462 black; 25 per cent, 
of area too mountainous for tillage; 60 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
90 per cent, of firm laborers white; is leading gold mining county of State ; 
has 20 pounding mills with 220 stamps— annual yield very large; cop- 
per, iron and mica also exist, but not mined ; larger part of population en- 
gaged in mining ; has .'/O public free schools for whites. 4 for blacks ; pre- 
vailing religious denominations Methodist, Baptist. Presbyterian ; flour and 
lumber mills abundant. 

Dahlonega. the capital town, is 24 miles from Gainesville and Atlanta ^t 
Charlotte Air-Line Railroad, has 600 inhabitants— 500 white, 100 black. 4 
churches, is sire of North Georgia Agricultural College, with 250 pupils, has 
8 dry goods stores; 6 grocery stores, 100 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 2 pliysi- 
cians, 4 lawyers. 

Madison— Population, in 1870, 5 227—3,646 white, 1,581 black ; 5 per cent, 
of county too broken for tillage: 1 per cent, too swampy ; 31 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared; gold in deposit and iron ore exist, but not worked in 
many years; 65 per cent, of farm laborers white; Baptist churches 10 
Methodist 6, Presbyterian 3, Primitive Baptist 4. 



60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [122] 

Danielsville, the capital town, is 15 miles distant from Athens, the market 
town. (Further details not reported.) 

Milton— Population, in 1870, 4,584—3,118 white, 466 black; 10 percent, 
of county too broken, or too swampy, for successful tillage ; 40 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared; 75 per cent, of field labor performed by whites; 20 
free public schools for whites, 4 for blacks; religious denominations almost 
wholly Baptists and Meth' dists. 

Alpharetta, the capital town, is 14 miles from Air-Line Railroad and 30 
miles from Atlanta, has a population of 285— 275 white, 12 black; 30 private 
dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school with 45 scholarr, 2 dr. goois stores, 
1 grocery store, 2 drug stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Pickens— Population, in 1870, 5,317—5.188 white, 129 '-lack ; 19 per cent, 
of county too m untaino.^» for cultivatio .,. ; 33 per cent, of tillable land 
c'ear.'d ; go'd, copper, iron, nickel, marble, exist i . considerable quaiuities, 
butiiOt min:d at presen ; 90 per cent, of field laborers white- ; 25 public 
fre£ schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Bap ist churches 18, Methodist 3, Prrs- 
byterian 1, some Bible Christians; 1 cotton mill with 40 operatives. 

./a.sper. the capi' a', town, is 50 miles fro, n Air- Line Railroad immedi- 
diately on line of survey Marietta & North Georgia Railroad, and 60 miles 
from A.lanta, the market town. (Further details not reported.) 

Rabun— Population, in 1870, 3.256—3,137 whitp, 119 black ; 81 per cent, of 
c uvvy to . m urtainous for cultivation : 70 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
mines of gold a;)d asbestos being worked with success ; copper and iron ore 
discovered; 92 per cent, farm labor perform-.^d by whit s; 22 pu'olic free 
schools, ail for whites; Baptist chu.ch'.s 12, Methodist 7; 1 wool-carding 
machine in operation. 

Claytoh, the capital town, is 27 miles from Air Line Railroad and T.:ccoa 
the market town, has a population of 137—120 white, 17 black ; 30 private 
dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 36 scholars, 4 mixed stores, no 
lawyers, physicians, dentists, or bar-rooms. 

Towns— Populatio. , in 1870, 2,780—2,623 white, 155 black; 50 per cent, 
of county too mountainous for culture ; 75 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
gold and copper exist, but no great amount of mining ; many of the p e- 
cious stones in more or less quantities ; 98 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 
public free schools, for whites 13, for blacks 1; Baptist churches 10, Meth- 
odist 4. 

Hiawassee. the capital town, is 40 miles from a rulroad, 54 from Gaines- 
ville, 1( 8 trom Atlanta; has a population of 60, all white ; 9 private dwell- 
ings, 1 hotel, no church, 1 school, 2 mixed stores, 1 physican, 2 lawyers. 

Union— Population, in 187"}, 5.267— 5.153 white, 114 blick ; 25 per cent, 
of cc'untv too mountainous for tillage ; 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 
gold, copper, iron, red and brown hematite, coundum exist in consider able 
quantities, also mica; only gold being mined successfully; 95 per cent, of 
miners pnd farm hands white; public free schools, 25 for whites, 1 for 
blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 12, Presbyterian 2. 

Blairsville, the capital town, is 52 miles from Gainesville, the market town, 
106 f.om Atlaiata, has a population of 131—120 white, 11 black, 1 hotel, 26 



[123] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 61 

private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school, 3 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 2 law- 
yers. 

White— Population, in 1870, 4,606—4,042 white, 564 black ; 10 per cent, 
too mountainous for cultivation ; 30 per cent, of tillable land cleared, gold 
andiron exist to a large extent, the former mined with much success and 
to considerable extent ; 99 per cent, of laborers white ; 21 free public schools 
for whites, 'i for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Metho Mst, 1 Episcopal, 1 
Christian : gold mills and liquor distilleries the only manufactories. 

Cleveland, the capital town, is 18 miles from the Air-Line Railroad, 25 
from Gainesville, the market town of Hie county, haa a popuhitioii of ITS- 
ISO white, 25 black, 1 hotel, 36 private dwellings, 3 churches, 1 school with 
100 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physician?, 5 lawyers, 3 
dentists. 

NORTH-WEST GEORGIA. 

This division embraces fourteen counties, and extends from the Cohutta 
Mountains and Chattahoochee Ridge to the eastern boundary of Alabama. 
It differs, in several important respects, from the North-eastern division. It 
is less mountainous, and, consequently, a greater portion of its area is sus- 
ceptible of cultivation. Its average elevation above the sea is only 
750 feet, or about 50 per cent, less than that of Northeast Georgia. It« 
geological ages are Silurian, Devonian (so called from their identity 
with those of Wales and Devonshire), and, in the extreme northwest, Car- 
boniferous. The characteristic minerals are limestone, slate, iron ores, coal, 
manganese, sandstone, baryta, some gold, aU of which, except the last, are 
found in great quantities. Several valuable veins and gravelly deposits of 
gold have been developed and worked, with handsome returns. 

The immense coal beds described in the chapter on minerals lie in the 
northwestern counties of this division, to-wit : Dade, Walker and Chat- 
tooga. The supply seems to be inexhaustible ; the mines are reached by 
railroads which connect with main trunks, and in the immediate vicinity 
are immense deposits of best iron ore. 

The soils are calcareous and argillaceous ; clay, red and yellow. In all 
other respects our description of the natural conditions and capabilities of 
North-east Georgia will apply to this division, with the single exception of 
temperature, the difference in elevation being accompanied by the usual 
variations of heat and cold. The productions are, in all respects, the 
same. 

In one or two respects, this division enjoys peculiar advantages over it? 
eastern neighbor. It has not only a larger area of tillable land, but > much 
greater proportion of valley and river bottom. Its facilities for transporta- 
tion are also greater, the Western and Atlantic Railroad traversing its centre 
from the northern to the southern boundary, while tributary roads supply :« 
good portion of the country to the right and left of the main line. 

The whole of North Georgia is admirably adapted to stock-raising. The 
mountains afford abundant pasturage for cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, etc.. 
which are required to be fed only a few months in the year, while the grain.s 
and grasses are produced in the greatest abundance for that purpose. 



62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [124] 

COUNTIES. 

Bartow— Population in 1870, 16,566— 1L,840 whites, 4.719 blacks; 25 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, 11 per cent, irreclaimable 
swamp, 50 percent, of tillable land cleared ; minerals — gold, iron, manga- 
nese, baryta, slate in abundance and of best quality ; gold mining confined 
to surface washing and very profitable ; iron mined on a large scale, and 
much ore shipped to Chattanooga and other points ; one furnace now turn- 
ing out 70 tons pig per daj' ; 75 per cent, field labor performed by whites ; 
67 public free schools for whites, 23 for blacks, besides two large private 
schools; religious denominations chiefly Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal; 
manufactories — iron foundries, lime and cement works, carriage and wagon 
factories, flour, corn and saw mills. 

Gartersmlle, the capital town, is at junction of two railroads, 12 miles 
from a navigable stream, and 47 miles troni Atlanta; has a population of 
4,000—2,500 whites, 1,500 blacks, 350 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 6 churches, 
o schools, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 13 
physicians, 20 lawyers, 3 dentists. 

Adair smile, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 20 miles from Cartersville, 
67 miles from Atlanta, has a popula ion of 325—300 white, 25 black, 75 pri- 
vate dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school with 50 scholars, 6 dry goods 
stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physicians. 

Kings^ton is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at the terminus of the 
Rome Railroad, 60 miles from Atlanta, 18 miles from Rome, has about 600 
inhabitants — 400 white, 200 black; 4 mixed stores, 1 drug store; assessed 
value of real estate, $75,000. 

Catoosa— Population in 1870, 4,409—3,793 white, 616 black, 10 per cent, of 
county too mountainous for cultivation, ot tillable land 43 percent, cleared ; 
iron ores of best quality abound, but not rained ; 85 per cent, of field laborers 
white ; 21 public free schools for whites, 2 for blacks ; B iptist churches 7, 
Methodist 7, Presbyterian 1 ; manufactories of lime, fertilizers, 3 large mer- 
cliant flour mills, corn and saw mills. 

Ringgold, the capital town, is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 114 
miles from Atlanta, 24 from Chattanooga, (details not reported). 

CHATTOOGA—Population in 1870, 6,902—5,309 white, 1,503 black ; 21 per 
cent, of area too mountainous for tillage, of tillable land 55 per cent, cleared ; 
coal and iron ore abound in county and are of best quality ; 80 per cent, 
field laborers white ; 29 free public schools; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 
8, Presbyterian 6, besides colored churches ; 1 cotton mill 10,000 spindles 
and 300 operatives, 12 tanyards, flour, corn and saw mills. 

SummerviUe, the capital town, 25 miles from Wesierti and Atlantic Rail- 
road, and Dalton the market town, has a population of 400—300 white, 100 
black, 97 private dwellings, I hotel, 3 churches, 2 schools with 50 scholars, L 
weekly newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 3 physicians, 4 
lawyers. 

Cherokee— Population in 1870, 10,399— 9,117 white, 1,281 black; 15 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, 45 per cent of tillable land 
cleared; gold, copper, iron principal metals— 3 large gold mines now worked 



[125] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 63 

with good success, and a number of rich veins recently opened ; Canton 
copper mines worked with profit; silver and lead exist in small quantities ; 
78 per cent, field laborers white ; 56 public free schools for whites, 7 Tor 
blacks, also private schools ; Methodist churches 25, Baptist 25. Presbyterian 
2, Universalist 2 ; 2 cotton factories, 1 threshing machine factory, tanyards, 
wagon factories, saw and grist mills. 

Canton, the capital town, on located line of Marietta and North Georgia 
Kailroad, unfinish.^d, is 22 miles from Marietta, on the Western and Atlantic 
Railroad, the market town, 40 miles /rom Atlanta, has a population of 330— 
300 white, 30 black, 55 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 
pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 4 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 9 lawyers. 

Cobb.— Population in 1S70, 13,814-10,593 white, 3,217 black; entire 
county considered tillable, 65 per cent, cleared ; principal minerals, gold, 
copper, iron ores of superior qualify and abundant, sulphurets, asbestus ; 
but little mining at present ; 60 percent, of farm labor done by whites , 59 
public free schools for whites, 39 foi blacks, besides high schools ; Baptist 
churches 23, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 6, Episcopal 1, Christian 1. Manu- 
factories— Roswell Cotton Mills, 250 operatives ; Willeo Cotton Mills, 75 ; 
Concord Woolen Mills, 31 ; Laurel Woolen Mills, 35; Marietta Paper Mills, 
20 ; chair factory, 25 ; Withers' Iron Foundry, 5 ; also, 2 large Merchant 
flouring mills, with numerous corn, flour and saw mills. 

Marietta, the capital town, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 20 miles 
from Atlanta, has a population of 2,512— 1,395 white, 1,117 black, 300 private 
dwellings, 1 first-class hotel, 1 bank, 6 churches, Sschools with 250 scholars, 
2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 4'physicians, 14 
lawyers, 3 dentists. 

Dade— Population in 1870. 3,033—2,788 white, 245 black ; 20 per cent, of 
county too mountainous for tillage, 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; of 
minerals, iron and coal exist in exhaustless deposits and are extensively 
worked— one company, the Dade Coal Company, getting out 15,000 bushels 
per day ; also, coke and iron furnaces, one of the latter, at Rising Fawn, 
turning out 40 tons pig iron per day ; 80 per cent, of field laborers white ; 14 
public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 3 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 Second Advent. 

Trenton^ the capital town, is on Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, IS 
miles from Chattanooga, 15 niiles from Tennessee River, has 125 inhabitants 
—115 white, 10 black , 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school 
with 80 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 3 
lawyers. 

Clover Dale has 50 whites, 10 blacks, 1 churdi, 1 school with 40 pupils, X 
dry goods store. 

Floyd— Population in 1870, 17,230—11,473 white, 5,753 black ; 33 per 
cent, of county too mountainous for tillage; of tillable land 65 percent, 
cleared; iron ore, marble, slate, principal minerals; 53. per cent, of field 
laborers white ; 72 free public schools for whites, 25 for blacks; 20- Baptist 
churches, 30 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian,! Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic; 
nianuficiories of iron, nails, car wheels, ploughs, staves, hollow ware, coiu- 
m rcial fertilizers, numerous tiour, corn and saw uiills. 



64 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [126] 

Borne, the capital town, is on two railroads and navigable stream, is a 
market town of county, and 78i miles from Atlanta by rail ; 4 banks; 
(details not reported). 

Cave Spring is a village of 800 inhabitants— 650 white, 150 black, has 115 
private dwellings, 1 hotel, 7 churches, 5 schools with 245 scholars, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 5 physicians, no lawyers nor 
dentists ; is seat of State Deaf and Dumb Institute. 

Gordon— Population in 1870, 9,268—7,726 whiie, 1,536 black ; 20 per cent, 
of county too mountainous for tillage, 3 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, of 
tillable land 75 per cent, is cleared ; iron ore, slate, tripoli the principal 
minerals, but not worked to great extent; 70 per cent, of held laborers white; 
43 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist and Methodist prin- 
cipal religious denominations. 

Calhoun, the capital town, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 2 miles from 
navigable stream, 80 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 1,000 -800 
white, 200 black, 200 private dwelUings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 
100 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 4 phy- 
sicians, 12 lawyers, 1 dentist, 

Besaca, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 85 miles from Atlanta, on 
Oostanaula River, village of 210 inhabitants— 200 white, 10 black, 25 private 
dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 35 scholars, 5 dry goods stores, 
1 grocery store, 2 physicians. 

Haralson— Population in 1870, 4,004—3,685 white, 319 black ; 7i per cent, 
of county too mountainous for cultivation, 3 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 
of tillable land 27 per cent, cleared; principal minerals, copper and gold ; 6 
shaftsof copper now worked with success, gold washings to a limited ex- 
tent; 92i per cent, of farm laborers v/hite ; 21 free public schools for 
whites, 1 for blacks ; 10 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 6 Primitive Baptist, 1 
Christian ; 1 wool factory. 

Buchanan, the capital town, is 20 miles from Cartersville and Van Wert 
Railroad, 40 miles from Rome, 55 miles from Atlanta, (details not re- 
ported). 

Murray — Population in 1870, 6,500-5.743 white, 757 black ; 10 per cent, 
of county too mountainous for tillage ; 50 per cent of tillable land cleared ; 
gold, silver, lead exist in small quantities but none worked ; also, slate and 
soapstone, the latter being mined for lubricating purposes ; 80 per cent, of 
farm laborers white ; 30 free public schools for whites, 3 for blacks ; 14 Bap- 
tist churches, 12 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian ; flour, corn and saw mills only 
manufacturing establishments. 

Spring Place—iho. capital town, is 11 miks from Dalton, the raaritet town, 
on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 15 miles from a navigable stream, has a 
population of 259—250 white, 9 black, 42 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 
drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Paulding— Population in 1870, 7,639—7,083 white, 556 black ; 8 per cent, 
of county too mountainous or rocky for cultivation, of tillable land, 53 per 
cent, cleared; minerals, gold, iron, copper, asbestus; little miningowing to 
want of capital ; 90 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 38 free public schools, 



[127] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 65 

all for whites ; Baptist churches 25, Methodist 24 ; 1 wool-carding machine, 
1 shingle machine, only manufactories. 

Dallas, the capital tow/v, 16 miles from Acworth, on Western & Atlantic 
Railroad, market town ; 30 miles from Rome and navigable stream, has a 
population of 177 — 165 white, 12 black, 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 
physicians, 6 lawyers. 

Polk— Population, in 1870, 7,822—5.244 white, 2,578 black; 14 per cent, 
of county too mountainous for successful tillage ; 44 per cent, of tillable 
land cleared; pine timber abundant, and of fine quality; principal min- 
erals—slate, iron, limestone, marble, ochre, manganese; Rockmart slate 
quarries yield 10 squares per day; iEtna iron furnace 18 tons pig iron per 
day, Cherokee furnace 25 tons ; 57i per cent, of field laborers white ; 30 
public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks ; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 
11, Presbyterian 2, Christian 1 ; manufactories of slate 60 hands, iron 300 
hands, lumber 50, shoes 10, leather 6. 

Cedar Town, the capital town and market, is 7 miles from Selma, Rome 
& Dalton Railroad, 20 miles from Coosa river at Rome, 10 miles from Cher- 
okee Railroad, while 2 projected roads cross at the town ; population 900—600 
white, 300 black, 130 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 
237 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 8 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 
drug stores, 8 physicians, 11 lawyers. 

Walker— Population, in 1870, 9,925—8,396 white, 1,529 black ; 36^ per 
cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 64 per cent, of tillable 
land cleared; principal minerals— coal and iron in great abundance in 
western part of county, but not mined to any great extent for want of 
transportation ; marble and limestone also exist in large quantities; 87 per 
cent, of farm laborers white ; 42 public free schools for whites, 4 for blacks ; 
Baptist churches 23, Methodist 20, Presbyterian 2, Bible Christian 1, Second 
Advent 1, Universalist 1 ; no manufactories worthy of note. 

LaFayefte, the capital town, is 20 miles from a railroad, 25 from Chatta- 
nooga (the market town) and Tennessee river. 12 miles from Tryon Fac- 
tory, usual market for cotton ; has a population of 200 whites and 60 blacks, 
50 private dwellings, 1 hotel. 3 churches, 3 schools witli 30 pupils, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 5 dry goods stores. 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 
lawyers, and 1 dentist. 

Whitefield— Population, in 1870, 10,117—8,606 white, 1,511 black; 10 

per cent, of the county too mountainous for tillage ; 35 per cent of tillable 

land cleared ; iron ore of various kinds abundant, also limestone; tripoli, 

a bituminous shale, exists in this and in Floyd, and some other counties, 

which is combustible and yields oil, consequently sometimes mistaken for 

coal ; 45 free public schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; 15 Baptist churches, 17 

Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Christian ; 

manufactories— ot furniture 15 hands, iron foundry 5 hands, shoe factory 6t 

tannery 8; 1 flouring mill 2-run stones, several lumber mills ; 82A per cent. 

of field laborers white. 

Dalton^ the capital town, on^Westem & Atlantic Railroad, and terminus 
5 



66 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [128] 

of East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad and Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad. 
100 miles from Atlanta, 38 from Chattanooga and Tennessee river, has a 
population of 4,000—3,500 white, 500 black, 700 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 
1 bank, 11 churches, 11 schools with 400 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 
dry goods stores. 15 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 9 physicians, 16 lawyers. 2 
dentists. 

Tunnel Hill, on Western & Atlantic Railroad, 7 miles from Dalton, has 
275 inhabitants— 250 white, 25 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
churches, 1 school with 75 scholars, 3 mixed stores. 2 drug stores, 3 physi- 
cians, 2 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

MIDDLE GEORGIA. 

This division embraces thirty-nine counties, and has an area of about 15,000 
square miles. It extends across the State from the Savannah river in the east, 
to the Chattahoochee river in the west. Its southern border may be described 
with tolerable accuracy by a line from Augusta through Macon to Colum- 
pus. It is marked by the head of navigation of the principal rivers. The 
northern border may be described by a line running through Athens and 
Atlanta. It is about one hundred miles in width. Its average elevation is 
750 feet. The entire region is metamorphic; its rocks, granite, gneiss, 
mica, quartzites, hydro-mica schist, with some limestone and soapstone. 
These rocks all extend from the northeast to the southwest, and are crossed 
frequently at right angles by trap dykes. Its chief minerals are gold, cop- 
per, lead, asbestus, graphite, chromic iron, serpentine and soapstone. Gold 
is found in districts wide apart, and has been worked with satisfactory profit 
in a few localities, more especially in McDuffie, Lincoln, Wilkes and Car- 
roll. Asbestus is also mined to some extent. The original forest growth 
consists of red, post, Spanish and white oaks, and black-jack, hickory, 
short-leaf pine, with some long-leaf on its southern border ; poplar, dog- 
wood, elm, chestnut, maple, beech, birch, ash, black locust, sweet and 
black gums, walnut and some cedar. This division has three varieties 
of soil — red or clay, gray and gravelly, and light and sandy, the last 
named being limited in extent and confined to the long-leaf pine local- 
ities on the southern border. The two former possess great produc- 
tiveness and durability. After the coast country, they were the first 
settled, and Middle Georgia has continued to be the most populous division 
of the State. While the lowlands are of the best quality, the uplands are 
unsurpassed in fertility and luxuriance of forest growth by those of any 
country. A verj'- large proportion of the lands has sufl^ered temporary ex- 
haustion by injudicious culture which claimed everything from the soil and 
returned nothing. This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more en- 
lightened and economical system. It has been ascertained that no soils on 
the continent are more susceptible of recuperation and respond so bounti- 
fully to generous treatment The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted 
pines, and for twenty or forty years considered useful only as pasturage, 
have been restored to cultivation, and are now among the most productive 
lands of the State. The staple field products are cotton, corn, oats and wheat, 
while all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, may be grown success- 
fully. The average yields with ordinary culture, are : Cotton,"550 pounds, in 



[129] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 67 

seed, per acre ; corn, l2 bashels ; wheat, 8 bushels ; oats, 25 bushels ; bar- 
ley, 30 busliels ; rye, 8 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels ; field peas with 
corn, 5 bushels. Ground peas, chufas, pumpkins, and, indeed, almost every 
field product, are successfully cultivated. Very many farmers double the 
above averap^es year after year, whilst under high culture the product is 
multiplied four or five times, as will be seen in the chapter on that subject. 
About 75 per cent, of the farm laborers of this division are negroes, and the 
average wages are $8.00 per month and rations. Wages of ordinary mechan- 
ics vary from $1.50 to $3.00 per day, according to skill. The planting and 
harvest periods of leading products are : Cotton, April. September to De- 
cember ; corn, March, October ; wheat, October and November, May and 
early June; other fall grains harvested same time; those sowed in Febru- 
ary and March harvested in June. The fruits to which the section is best 
adapted are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, melons of all 
kinds. The peach attains here, and in South-west Georgia, its greatest per- 
fection, and immense quantities are raised for export, both in their natural 
and dried state ; the same may be said of the apple and blackberry, though 
the latter is a spontaneous growth and yields abundantly in a wild state. 
Almost every other variety of fruit known in the Southern States thrives 
well in this division. The table vegetables are all grown successfully, the 
hardier varieties the year round. The climate is a happy medium between 
those of Southern and Northern Georgia, and, inhealthfulness, equal to that 
of any part of the world. There is much uniformity of temperature, sudden 
rises and falls occurring but rarely. The mean annual temperature is 60° to 
64°. Snow falls about once in three years.the depth varying from 1^ to 4 inches 
Every portion of the division abounds in running streams, while the spring 
and well waters are excellent. The difference in elevation between the 
Northern and the Southern portions of the division being from 650 to 700 
feet, the water-powers are probably unequalled by those of any similar area 
on the continent. It would be difficult to fix a limit to its manufacturing 
facilities in thisresoect. The society is good, and the people educated and 
refined. Immigration is desired and good lands can be bought on liberal 
terms at from $4.00 to $10.00 per acre. The mineral springs are few, but 
for curative powers are unsurpassed in the Union. The Indian Spring, in 
Butts county, and the Warm and Sulphur Springs, in Meriwether, are 
famous resorts of invalids, and enjoy a deserved popularity. 

COUNTIES. 

Baldwin— Population in 1870, 10,618—3.844 white, 6,744 black; 62 per 
cent, of tillable land cleared, 90 per cent, of field laborers black ; 18 free 
public schools for whites, 16 for blacks ; Baptist churches 4 Methodist 5. 
Presbyterian 1, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1— all for whites; blacks have 
about same number; one large cotton factory in county. 

Milledgeville, the capital town, is on south bank of Oconee river, is mar- 
ket town for the county, at crossing of two railroads; has a population of 
4,000—1828 white, 2,172 black ; 600 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 9 
churches, 7 schools with 145 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 9 dry goods 
stores, 22 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 7 lawyers and 2 dentists. 

Butts— Populatf6n in 1870, 0,941—3,496 white, 3,445 black ; 1 per cent, of 



^8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [130] 

county too broken for cultivation, 2 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 45 
per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 50 per cent, of field laborers white ; 17 
free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 6, 
Presbyterian, 1 ; flour and saw mills abundant, and only manufactories of 
the county. The famous Indian Spring is in this county. 

Jackson, the county site, is 20 miles from a railroad and market town, 45 
from head of navigation on Ocmulgee river, has 400 inhabitants — 250 white, 
150 black ; 40 private dwellings. 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 schol- 
ars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 drug store, 4 
physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Campbell— Population in 1870, 9,175—6,589 white, 2.587 black; 63 per cent, 
of tillable land cleared ; 24 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Bap- 
tist churches 18, Methodist 8, Lutheran 1, Protestant Methodist 2. Blacks 
have 6 Baptist and 8 Methodist churches ; wagon and buggy factories, flour 
and corn mills, the only manufacturing interests. 

Fairburn, the capital town, is on the Atlanta and West Point railroad, 19 
miles from Atlanta, the market town ; has 550 inhabitants— 400 white, 150 
black ; 100 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 1 school with 80 scholars, 7 
dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 
dentist. 

Campbellton, the old capital has a population of 66 — 39 white, 27 black ; 
15 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 school with 21 scholars, one dry 
goods store, 2 grocery stores, l drug store, 3 physicians. 

Carroll— Population in 1870, 11,782—10,473 white, 1,309 black ; only 15 
per cent, of tillable land cleared ; entire under strata of county mineral, 
several gold mines have been extensively and successfully worked, copper 
and manganese also exist in quantities to justify mining ; 80 per cent, of 
field labor performed by whites ; 63 free public schools [for whites, 10 for 
blacks, besides private schools ; Baptist churches 31. Methodist 35, Presby- 
terian 3, Christian 2 ; 1 cotton factory, 1 paper mill, numerous flour, corn 
and lumber mills. 

CarroUton, the capital town, on Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama 
Railroad, is market town for the county ; has 1,325 inhabitants— 950 white, 
375 black ; 200 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 124 pu- 
pils, 1 weekly newspaper, 12 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 
6 physicians, 12 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Clarke— Population, in 1870, 12,941—6,488 white, 6,453 black ; 78 percent, 
of original forest felled ; 33 per cent of it in cultivation ; 70 per cent, of farm 
laborers black; State University located in the county; 2 female high 
schools ; 19 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks ; 9 Baptist churches, 
6 Methodist, 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish syn- 
agogue ; the county has 3 cotton factories and 1 paper mill, employing 
together 200 hands ; 1 iron foundry and machine shop, 20 hands ; 1 bob- 
bin mill, 4 hands ; 1 door, sash and blind factory, 20 hands ; 1 planing mill, 
besides flour, corn and saw mills in good nuiuber and well distributed. 

Athens, the capital town, situated on Oconee river, is the terminus of two 
railroads connecting it with all parts of the State, is market town for the 
••unty, has a population of 5,979—2,884 white, 3,095 black, 1,200 private 



[131] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 69 

dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 11 churches, 14 schools— including State Uni- 
versity — with 700 scholars, 14 dry goods stores, 21 grocery stores, 2 drug 
stores, 2 weekly newspapers, 9 physicians, 15 lawyers, 4 dentists. 

Clayton — Population, in 1870, 5,477—3,734 white, 1,743 black ; about 1 
per cent, of county too hilly, and a like per cent, too swampy, for cultiva- 
tion ; 75 per cent, of field laborers white ; 19 public free schools for whites, 
6 for blacks; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 10, Presbyterians 1, 
Lutherans 1 ; 10 flour and corn mills, 1 plough factory, 1 furniture factory, 
1 carriage factory. 

Jonesboro\ the capital town, is on Central Railroad, 20 miles from Atlanta, 
the market town. (Details not reported. ) 

Columbia— Population, in 1870, 13,529—4,080 white, 9,449 black ; 1 per 
cent, of county too broken for tillage ; 2i per cent, irreclaimable swamp ; 
70 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 80 per cent, of field laborers black ; 
22 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; Baptist churches 10, Method- 
ist 11 ; Georgia Railroad runs through southern portion of countj'^, and Sa- 
vannah river forms its northeastern boundary. 

Appling, the capital town, is 10 miles from Savannah river, 9 miles from 
Georgia Railroad, 22 miles from Augusta, the market town ; has a popula- 
tion of 114 — 38 whites, 76 blacks, 7 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 
school with 25 scholars, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 1 
lawyer. 

Coweta— Population, in 1870, 15,875—7,856 white, 8,019 black ; 1 percent, 
of land too broken for tillage; 48 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 69 per 
cent, of field laborers black : some gold discovered, but not mined to any 
considerable extent ; 40 public free schools for whites, 26 for blacks ; Bap- 
tist churches 12, Methodist 15 ; Presbj terian 4, Lutheran 1, Christian 2 ; 1 
cotton factory, with 50 operatives ; 1 shoe factory ; 1 furniture factory, with 
5 operatives ; 1 foundry, with 20 operatives. 

Newnan, the capital town, is located at the crossing of the Atlanta & West 
Point and Savannah, Griflin & North Alabama Railroads, 40 miles from 
Atlanta, has a population of 2,000—1,200 white, 800 black, 350 private dwell- 
ings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 6 churches, 7 schools with 310 scholars, 2 weekly 
newspapers, 15 dry goods and mixed stores, 13 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 
9 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

DeKalb— Population, in 1870, 10,014—7,352 white, 2,662 black. Except 
Stone Mountain and its rocky extensions — about 2,000 acres — the whole 
county is tillable, and 25 per cent, cleared ; gold exists to a limited extent, 
but is not mined ; 75 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 39 public free schools 
for whites, 14 for blacks; Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, the prevailing 
religious denominations; 2 cotton factories propelled by water, with 120 
operatives ; several wagon factories, and ample supply of lumber, flour and 
corn mills. 

DeccUur, the capital town, eligibly situated on Georgia Railroad, 7 miles 
from Atlanta, and once a favorite resort in summer months, has 700 inhab- 
itant — 400 white, 300 black ; 80 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 2 



70 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [132] 

schools with 100 pupils, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4 
lawyers. 

Stone Mountain, situated at the base of the wonderful natural curiosity of 
that name, and immediately on the Georgia Railroad, 16 miles from At- 
lanta, has a population of 1,150—900 white, 250 black, 140 private dwellings, 

1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 schools with 180 scholars, 14 
stores of mixed merchandize, 6 physicians, 1 lawyer. 

Douglas — Organized since last decennial census, (October 1870) out of parts 
of Campbell and Carroll ; population not yet ascertained, but large propor- 
tion white; 10 ner cent, of county too broken for tillage; 38 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared; 60 per cent, of field laborers white; no minerals now 
mined— gold formerly paid well ; magnetic iron ore, copper, and asbestus 
exist, but not worked for want of capital ; 14 public free schools for whites 
3 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Christian, 1 Unitarian, 1 
Lutheran. 

Ifouglasville, the capital town, is 18 miles from an operating railroad, but 
on one in process of construction, 25 miles from the market town, has 850 
inhabitants— 800 white, 50 black, 160 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 

2 schools with 60 scholars, 6 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 physi- 
cians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Elbert— Population, m 1870, 9,249-4,386 white, 4,863 black ; nearly en- 
tire county tillable ; 65 per cent, cleared , gold, black lead, iron ore have 
been discovered, but neither mined ; 64 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 
about 65 public free schools, very near equally divided between whites and 
blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 11 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; flour, corn and 
lumber mills and tanyards the only manufacturing establishments. 

Elherion, the capital town, is 13 miles from Savannah river, 40 miles from 
Athens, 75 from Augusta, 100 from Atlanta, 50 from Toccoa, with which 
latter place a railroad connection will be formed during the present year— 
1878; it has 600 inhabitants— 375 whit.;, 225 black; 74 private dwellings, 1 
hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools' with 120 pupils 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry 
goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Fayette— Population, in 1870, 8,221— 5,683 white, 2,538 black; all the 
lands of the county believed to be tillable, and 50 per cent of them cleared; 
60 per cent, of farm laborers white; 21 public free schools for whites, 11 for 
blacks ; Baptists have 10 churches, Methodists 10, Christians 1. 

FayetieviUe, the capital town, is 9 miles from Jonesboro' on Central Rail- 
road, 29 miles from Atlanta, the market town, has 130 inhabitants— 100 
white, 30 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel. 2 churches, 1 school with 30 
scholars, 2 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 

Fulton— Population, in 1870,33,446—18,164 white, 15,282 /Jack, about 
2i per cent, of land ioo broken for tillage; 65 per cent, of tillable land 
cleared; 55 per cent, of farm laborers white; gold, serpentine, asbestus, 
iron pyrite, with some copper, gnel s and soapstone, are the principal min- 
erals; there are 22 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks, besides many 
private hi>;h schools; 12 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 5 Presbyteriap, 4 
Episcopal, 1 Congregational, 1 Christian, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Hebrew; 



[133] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 71 



1 cotton factory, 4 planing mills, 3] railroad car shops, 1 rolling mill, 6 iron 
foundries, 2 door and sash factories, 6 merchant flour mills, 2.'soap factories, 

1 large brewery, 2 paper mills, 2 ice factories, 1 boot and shoe factory, 8 
candy factories, 2 paper box and bag factories, 2 cracker factories, 2 cotton- 
gin factories, 1 manufactory of agricultural implements. 

Ailanta, the capital town, and seat of government of the State, may be 
said to be the railroad center of the South. It has an altitude of 1,087 teet 
above the sea, and is located on the waier shed which divides the waters of 
the Atlantic from those of the Gulf of Mexico, in latitude 33°45'19.8", 
longitude 84°23^29.7". Population, in 1877, 35 956, (now considerably in- 
creased) about one-third black ; has 8 hotels, 44 churches, 1 medical college 
with 100 students, 9 public free schools with 4,100 enrolled scholars— 2,500 
white, 1,600 black— 56 teachers ; private schools 5, pupils 350 ; Atl- nta Uni- 
versity, (colored) 125 students; Theological Seminary, (colored) 50 stu- 
dents ; 1 daily paper, 8 weekly, 2 monthly, 2 periodicals, (monthly) 15 
printing offices, 3 binderies, 9 banks, 50 dry goods stores, 9 shoe stores, 490 
grocery stores, 36 drug stores, 27 fruit stores, 60 licensed physicians, 71 
licensed lawyers, 8 dentists, 40 places of miscellaneous business. 

Greene— Population, in 1870, 12,454—4,298 white, 8,156 bl;.ck ; the entire 
county believed to be susceptible of tillage ; 58 per cent, o,'' it cleared ; 90 
per cent of field laborers black; 30 free public schools for whites, 20 for 
blacks ; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 9, Presbyterians 4, Roman 
Catholics 1 ; about same number of Baptist and Methodist churches for 
blacks ; several cotton factories, all now suspended ; wagon and carriage 
factories, flour, corn and lumber mills abundant— also tanyards. 

Greensboro', the capital town, is situated on Georgia Railroad, 87 miles 
from Augusta, the market town, has 1,200 inhabitants— 600 white. 600 
black, 70 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 2 
weekly newspapers, 6 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 
physicians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Union Point is a thriving village situated at the junction of the Georgia 
Railroad and the Athens branch of the same road ; it is 39 miles by rail 
from Athens, 78 miles from Augusta and 93 from Atlanta; population 525 
— whites 275, blacks 250 ; 4 churches, 2 schools, 6 stores, 3 lawyers, 3 phy- 
sicians, 1 hotel. 

Hancock— Population, in 1870, 11,317—3,645 white, 7,672 black ; 56 per 
cent, of tillable land cleared ; 80 per cent, of farm laborer.-i black ; 34 free 
public schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 
13, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 ; 1 cotton mill, but now 
suspen/ied; 1 sash and blind factory ; several cotton-gin and carriage facto- 
ries. 

Sparta, the capital town, is situated o.i the Macon & Augusta Railroad, 
60 miles from Macon and 70 from Augusta, the market town, though much 
cotton sold at the place ; white population 570, black 250, private dwellings 
70, hotels 2, banks 1, churches 4, schools 2, pupils 80, 1 weekly newspaper, 
13 dry goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 7 physicians, 10 lawyers, 

2 dentists. 



72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [134] 

Harris— Population, in 1870, 13,284—5,791 white, 7,493 black ; 7 per cent. 
of county too mountainous for successful tillage ; 75 per cent, of tillable land 
cleared ; 66 per cent, of farm laborers black; 47 public free schools for whites^ 
23 for blacks ; Baptists have 11 churches. Primitive Baptists 3, Methodists 
13, Presbyterians 1 ; 2 cotton factories in the county, one employing about 
250 hands, the other not in operation ; flour, corn and saw mills abun- 
dant, and all necessary workshops. 

Hamilton, the capital town is romantically situated in a valley between 
Pine and Oak mountains — peaks of a detached chain running through Up- 
son, Talbot and Harris, to the Chattahoochee river. It is within two miles 
of the present terminus of the North & South Railroad, 22 miles from Co- 
lumbus, the market town, 20 from West Point, 22i from LaGrange; has 
1,000 inhabitants — 700 white, 300 black, 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 
churches, 1 female college with 4 professors and 75 students, 2private 
schools, 1 weekly newspaper. 4 mixed stores, 2 grocery and liquor stores, 1 
drug store, 3 physicians, 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Heard— Population, in 1870, 7,86(1—5,218 white, 2,648 black ; about 2 per 
cent, of county too broken for tillage ; same amount of irreclaimable swamp ; 
50 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 62 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 
gold, copper, iron and mica exist, but in small quantities; 32 public free 
schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptists churches 23, Metliodist 17. 

Franklin, the capital town, is 15 miles from a railroad, 20 miles from La- 
Grange, the market town of the county ; has 300 inhabitants — 250 white. 50 
black, 30 private dwellings, 3 churches, 1 hotel, 1 school with 40 pupils, 11 
mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Henry— Population, in 1870, 10,102—6,269 white, 3,833 black; about Is 
percent, of county too broken for tillage; 3 per cent, too swampy ; of tilla- 
ble land 68 per cent, cleared ; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white ; some 
gold and iron, not sufficient for mining ; public free schools for whites 35, 
for blacks 26; Baptist churches 15, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 1, Bible 
Christian 1 ; several wool-carding machines in county ; also, wagon, car- 
riage and lurniture factories. 

McBonoughy the capital town, is ten miles from the Central Railroad and 
market town, 50 miles from Macon ; has 400 inhabitants— 275 white, 125 
black; 46 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 18 pupils, 4 
dry -goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Jasper.— Population in 1870, 10,439—3,884 white, 6,555 black ; about 3i 
per cent, of county too broken for protitable tillage, and If per cent, too 
swampy ; of tillable land 40 per cent, is cleared, 67 per cent, of fa^m labor- 
ers black ; 23 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
12, Methodist 10 ; Presbyterian 1 ; abundant water powers but no manufac- 
tures except flour, corn and lumber mills, 

Monticello, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Georgia Railroad, and 
Madison the market town, (details not reported.) 

Jones.— Population in 1870, 9,436—2,991 white, 6,445 black ; about two 
per cent, of county too hilly for tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 62 
per cent, of tillable land cleared, 84 per cent, of farm laborers black; 18 



[135] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 73 

public free sctiools for whites, 19 for blacks ; Baptist churches 8, Methodist 9 ; 
flour, corn and lumber mills abundant. 

Clinton, the capital town, is 6 miles from Macon and Augusta Railroad, 
12 miles from Macon, the market town ; has a population of 250— 100 white, 
150 black, 32 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 70 schol- 
ars, 2 dry -goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4 lawyers. 

Lincoln.— Population in 1870,5,413—1,797 white, 3,616 black; about 2^ 
per cent, of county too broken for tillage, 37 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
64 per cent of farm laborers black; gold, silver, copper, lead, rutile, man- 
ganese and several precious stones exist ; gold mined extensively by several 
companies with handsome profits, the mines paying as well as any in State; 
with capital, gold is destined to become an immense interest ; Norman mine, 
near Goshen, has yielded very handsomely in last 4 months. County has H 
public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 6, Methodist 
8, Presbyterian 1; flour, corn and lumber mills, small wood and iron shops 
the only manufacturing interests. 

Lincolnton, the capital town, is 7 miles from Savannah river, 18 miles 
from Washington, 20 miles from Thomson, on Georgia Railroad, and 45 
miles from Augusta, the principal market town ; has 146 inhabitants- 106 
white, 40 black ; 16 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 30 
scholars, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 

McDuFFiE. — Having been formed in 1871 out of parts of Warren and 
Columbia, and since the date of the last census, population not ascer- 
tained; 50 per centi of tillable land cleared ; 68 per cent, of farm laborers 
black ; gold found in large deposits and veins in northern part of county 
and worked successfully for many years, mines still in operation and paying 
handsomely; copper exists in same section, but is not mined; there are 19 
public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; only religious denominations 
Baptist and Methodist, former has 5 churches, latter 6, besides churches for 
blacks; wagons, buggies, flour, lumber, leather, only articles manufactured 
in county. 

Thomson, the capital town is on Georgia Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta, 
same distance from Savannah river ; (details not reported.) 

Meriwether.— Population in 1870, 13,756— 6,387 white, 7,369 black; 6 per 
cent, of lands too mountainous or broken for successful tillage, 78i per cent, 
of tillable land cleared, 80 per cent of farm laborers black ; gold mines in 
northwestern portion of county been worked on considerable scale and with 
good success for many years, there are 44 public free schools for whites, 15 
for blacks; religious denominations, Methodist and Baptist chiefly and 
about equal in number ; some Presbyterians ; county noted for its mineral 
spring. 

Greenville, the capital town, is 15 miles from the Atlanta and West Point 
Railroad, 20 miles from LaGrange, 45 miles from Columbus, both being mar- 
ket towns ; (details not reported). 

Monroe.— Population in 1870, 17,213—6,409 white, 10,804 black , entire 
county considered susceptible of cultivation, 85 per cent, of original forest 
cleared ; 80 per cent, of farm laborers black; copper believed to exist, but 
no mining ; 31 public free schools for whites, 23 for blacks ; has 10 Baptist 



74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [136] 

churches, 15 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 5 or 6 large merchant mills, with 
many smaller mills. 

Forsyth, the capital town, is situated on the Central Railroad, 26 miles 
north of Macon, 77 from Atlanta, 12 from Ocmulgee river ; has 2,300 inhab- 
itants— 1,200 white. 1,100 black, 225 private dwellings, two hotels, 1 bank, 5 
churches, 5 schools including a female college with an aggregate of 250 schol- 
ars, 1 weekly newspaper, 12 dry-goods stores, 9 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 
3 physicians, 11 lawyers, 4 dentists. 

Morgan.— Population in 1870, 10,696—3,637 white, 7,058 black ; about 5 
per cent, of county too broken or hilly for profitable cultivation, 2 per cent, 
irreclaimable swamp, 62i per cent, of original forest cleared, 76 per cent, of 
farm laborers black , gold mined to a small extent twenty-five years ago ; a 
bed of mica recently discovered ; county has 34 public free schools for 
whites, 17 for blacks ; religious denominations, Baptist 9 churches, Metho- 
dist 10, Presbyterian 1, Episcopal 1, Primitive Baptist 2 ; 1 cotton factory 
with 300 operatives, carriage and wagon factories, flour, corn and lumber 
mills ample for public wants. 

Madison, the capital town, is on the Georgia Railroad 68 miles from At- 
lanta, 103 from Augusta, and is the market town for the inhabitants gener- 
ally, has a population of 2,700—1,400 white, 1,300 black, 171 private dwell- 
ings, 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 hotels, 5 schools with 95 scholars, 1 weekly news- 
paper, 15 dry-goods stores, 17 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 1 hardware store, 
6 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Newton.— Population in 1870, 14,615—8,601 white, 6,014 black; 63 per 
cent, of tillable land cleared, 55 per cent, of farm laborers black ; gold found 
but never mined successfully ; 1 male college, 1 female college, 33 public 
free schools for whites, L6 for blacks ; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 
12, Presbyterians 3 ; 2 cotton mills now confined to yarns, 1 woolen mill, 
flour, corn and lumber mills abundant. 

Covington, the capital town and market for county, is on Georgia Railroad 
41 miles from Atlanta, 130 from Augusta, has 1,250 inhabitants— 600 white, 
650 black, 250 dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 5 churches, 1 female college, and 
2 schools for whites, aggregating 200 scholars, 2 schools for blacks, 2 weekly 
newspapers, 14 dry-goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 furniture store, 1 book 
store, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 2 lawyers, 3 dentists. 

Oxford, seat of Emory College, on Georgia Railroad, 1 mile from Coving- 
ton, has 1,050 inhabitants— 800 white, 250 black, 75 private dwellings, 3 
churches, 4 schools with 250 scholars, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 

Oconee. — County organized February, 1875, from a portion of Clarke, and 
census not ascertained ; of tillable land 58 per cent, cleared, 57 per cent, of 
farm hands black ; has 19 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks, 8 
Baptist Churches, 7 Methodist, 4 Christian ; 3 cotton factories on the county 
line, manufactories of carriages, wagons, leather, shoes. 

Watkinsville, the capital town, is 7 miles from Athens, the market town, 
same distance from a railroad, has 344 inhabitants — 194 white, 150 black, 34 
private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 2 schools with 85 scholars, 3 dry-goods 
stores, 1 grocery store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

OaLExnoEPE.- Population in 1870, 11,782—4,641 white, 7,141 black ; 3 per 



[137] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 75 

cent, of county too broken for successful cultivation, 50 per cent, of tilla- 
ble land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; gold and copper ex- 
ist, a belt of former running through county northeast and southwest, 
very rich at points and with capital to work it would pay well ; has 29 pub- 
lic free schools for whites, 9 for blacks; 2 Baptist churches ; 15 Methodist, 
2 Presbyterian ; no manufactories except the usual mills and shops. 

Lexington, the capital town, is 3 miles from Athens branch Georgia Rail- 
road, IG miles from Athens, the market town of the county, has a popula- 
tion of GOO— 225 whites, 375 blacks, 65 private residences, 3 churches. 3 
schools with 90 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery 
stores, 3 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Pike.— Population in 1870, 10,905—5,999 white, 4,906 black; about 2 per 
cent, of county too broken and same amount too swampy for successful till- 
age ; of tillable land 70 per cent, cleared, 52 per cent of farm laborers white; 
31 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks"; 24 Baptist churches, 22 
Methodist; 1 Presbyterian ; carriages, buggies, furniture only manufactures 
of county. 

Zehulon, the capital town, is 9 miles from Central Railroad, 8 and 12 miles 
from the two market towns, 40 miles from Ocmulgee river; has 250 inhabi- 
tants— 150 white, 100 black, 28 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school 
with 50 pupils, 2 dry -goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Bamesville, on Central Railroad, 61 miles from Atlanta, 42 from Macon, 
has 2,100 inhabitants— 1,500 white, 1,100 black, 400 private dwellings, 1 ho- 
tel, 1 bank, 4 churches, 4 schools including 1 institute, 350 pupils, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 10 dry-goods stores, 12 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 4 physicians, 
7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Afilner, on Central Railroad, 54 miles from Atlanta, 49 miles from Macon, 
has 550 inhabitants— 350 white, 200 black; 75 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 
churches, 1 school with 65 scholars, 9 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 
lawyers, 3 physicians. 

Putnam.— Population in 1870, 10,461—3,016 white, 7,445 black ; i of 1 
per cent, of lands too broken for successful tillage, 2i per cent, too swampy^ 
60 per cent of tillable land cleared, 82 per cent of farm laborers black ; iron 
pyrite, only mineral of value known to exist; about 40 public free schools 
with private high school at county site; 12 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, 
1 Presbyterian ; leather, shoes, flour and lumber principal manufactures ; two 
cotton factories destroyed during the war never rebuilt, sites among the best 
in the State. 

Eatonion, the capital town and market of the county, is terminus of Eaton- 
ton branch Central Railroad, 40 miles from Gordon, 50 miles from Macon 
via railroad : 1,601 inhabitants— 600 white, 1,001 black— 100 private dwell- 
ings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 5 schools including high school with 175 pupils, 1 
weekly newspaper, 10 dry -goods stores ; 6 grocery stores, 1 drugstore, 4 phy- 
sician, 7 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Rockdale. — Laid off October, 1870, out of parts of Newton and Henry 
and census not ascertained ; 4i per cent of lands too rocky for cultivation, 
68 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 63 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 21 
public free schools for whites. 11 for blacks ; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 



76 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [138] 

10 ; Presbyterian 2 ; 1 large paper mill 30 operatives, 1 cotton factory, buggy 
and chair factories, flour and lumber mills. 

Conyers, the capital town and market for the county, is on Georgia Rail- 
road 31 miles from Atlanta and 140 from Augusta, (details not reported). 

Spalding.— Population in 1870. 10,205—5,327 white, 4,878 black ; 2i per 
cent, of lands too broken for successful tillage, 3 per cent, too swampy, 63 
per cent, of tillable land cleared, 57 percent, of farm laborers .lack; no 
minerals ; 22 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks, besides pri- 
vate schools ; 16 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
3 Christian, 1 Lutheran ; carriages, wagons, furniture, leather, floar and 
lumber comprise the manufactures of county. 

Griffln, the capital town, is on the Central Railroad, 41 miles from At- 
lanta, 62miles from Macon, is market town of county ; has 2 banks, (details 
not reported.) 

Talbot.— Population in 1870, 11,913—4,761 white, 7,152 black; 6 percent, 
of lands too mountainous for tillage, 2i per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 71i 
per cent, of tillable land cleared ; iron ore exists ; public free schools ample 
for all purposes ; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 14, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 
1 ; 1 gin factory, carriage factories, tanneries, flour and lumber mills, and 1 
rice mill. 

Talbotton, the capital town, is 7 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 30 
miles from Columbus, the market town, and from a navigable stream ; has 
1,000 inhabitants— 600 white, 400 black, 150 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 
churches, 4 schools with 150 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 1 steam flour 
and corn mill, 4 dry -goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 hardware store, 2 drug 
stores, 3 physicians, 10 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Geneva, on the Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles from Columbus, has 250 
inhabitants — 175 white, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 
2 schools with 60 pupils, 6 dry -goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 1 physician, 
2 lawyers. 

Taliaferbo.— Population in 1870, 4,796—1,809 white, 2,987 black; entire 
area of county considered tillable, 50 per cent, of land cleared ; 70 per cent, 
of farm laborers white ; 21 free public schools for whites, 9 for blacks ; 8 Bap- 
tist churches, 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic ; furniture, 
carriages, wagons, flour, lumber only manufactures. 

Growfordville, the capital town, is on the Georgia Railroad, 64 miles from 
Augusta, 107 from Atlanta, has a population of 500—300 white, 200 black ; 
50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 weekly newspaper, 10 mixed 
stores, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Troup.— Population in 1870, 17,632—6,408 white, 11,224 black : 3J per 
cent, of land too broken for tillage, 5 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 77 per 
cent, of tillable land cleared ; mica and asbestus exist in large beds ; 
41 public free schools for whites, 32 for blacks ; Baptist churches 13, 
Methodist 13, Presbyterian 4; Troup cotton factory has 100 hands, Chatta- 
hoochee cotton factory on State line 100 hands. 

LaOrange, the capital town, situated on Atlanta and West-Point Railroad, 
70 miles from Atlanta, 44 miles from Columbus, is market town of the 
county, has 2,250 inhabitants — 875 white, 1,375 black; 475 private dwellings, 



[139] MANUAL OF GEORGIA, 77 

2 hotels, 5 churches, 6 schools with 702 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 9 dry- 
goods stores, 20 grocery stores and confectionaries, 2 drug stores, 5 physi- 
cians, 18 lawyers, 3 dentists. 

West Point is situated on the Chattahoochee River, is the terminus of the 
Atlanta and West Point Railroad, 87 miles from Atlanta, 17 miles trom 
LaGrange, has 2,310 inhabitants— 1,370 white, 940 black; 207 private dwell- 
ings, 3 hotels, 2 banks, 5 churches, 2 schools with 300 pupils, 2 weekly news- 
papers, 10 dry-goods stores, 2 shoe stores, 18 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 1 
hardware store. 3 warehouses, 7 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Upson.— Population in 1870, 9,430—4,865 white, 4,565 black ; 2 per cent, 
of county too broken for cultivation, of tillable land 50 per cent, cleared ; 
minerals — gold, iron, the best of granite and sand stone for building; water- 
powers unsurpassed ; 57 per cent, of farm laborers white; 27 public free 
schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 14, Presby- 
terian 1, besides negro churches ; 3 cotton factories, 1 wood machine works, 
flour and lumber mills abundant. 

Thomaston, the capital town, is the terminus of Thomaston branch of 
Central Railroad, 17 miles from Barnesville, 78 miles from Atlanta, 60 from 
Macon ; is the market town of county, has 900 inhabitants— 650 white, 250 
black; 125 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 150 pupils, 
1 weekly newspaper, 9 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 5 physicians, 7 
lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Walton.— Population in 1870, 11,038—6,876 white, 4,162 black; H per 
cent, of county too broken for tillage, 13 irreclaimable swamp; of tillable 
land 63 per cent, cleared ; 53 per cent, of farm laborers black; 39 public free 
schools for whites. 10 for blacks ; Baptists have 14 churches, Methodists 9, 
Presbyterians 1 ; negro churches 8— all Baptist and Methodist ; 1 cotton 
factory, 1 woollen mill, numerous flour and lumber mills. 

Monroe, the capital town, is 10 miles from Social Circle, 22 miles from 
Madison, 24 from Athens ; has 1,000 inhabitants— 700 white, 300 black ; 125 
private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, three schools, with 150 pupils, 6 dry 
goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 6 lawyers. 

Social Circle, on Georgia Railroad, the market town of the county, 52 
miles from Atlanta, 119 from Augusta, has a population of whites 550, blacks 
320— total, 870; 18 private dwellings, 2 hotels 2, churches. 1 school with 65 
scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 2 drug stores, 5 physi- 
cians. 2 lawyers and 2 dentists. 

Warren.— Population in 1870.10,545—4,285 white, 6,260 black; whole 
area considered tillable, 25 per cent, cleared and in cultivation. 66 per cent, 
of farm laborers black ; gold formerly mined with profit, but no mining at 
present ; 26 public free schools for whites, 10 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
18, Methodist 20; Rock Mills Cotton Factory employs 175 hands, flour and 
lumber mills ample. 

Warrenton, the capital town, is on Macon and ^ugusta Railroad, 50 miles 
from Augusta, the market town, by rail, 75 miles from Macon, (details not 
reported),. 

Wilkes. -Population in 1870, 11,796—3,969 white, 7,827 black ; i of one 
per cent, too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable swamp. 



78 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. L^^^Q] 

63J per cent, in cultivation, 165 per cent, in original forest, .20 per cent, pine 
old fields, 78 per cent, of farm laborers white ; gold, lead, copper, and iron 
ores exist, but none mined except gold, to a limited extent ; one mine in 
southeastern portion of county being worked with handsome profit. There 
are 22 public free schools for whites, 10 for blacks, besides private schools ; 
14 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman 
Catholic; carriages, wagons, leather, flour, lumber, and usual wood and 
iron work, the only manufactures of county. 

Washington, the capital town, is the northern terminus of Washington 
branch Georgia Kailroad, 18 miles from the main line, 75 from Augusta by 
rail, 52 by wagon road, 20 miles from pole-boat navigation on Savannah 
river; it has 1,800 inhabitants— 600 white, 1, 200 black, 100 residences for 
whites, 2 hotels, 1 bank. 3 schools with 130 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 
dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 10 lawyers, 1 
dentist. This is the first place in the United States named in honor of the 
Father of his country. 

EAST GEORGIA. 

This division of the State embraces the country lying between the heads 
of tide water in the east, and the Ocmulgee River in the west, and south to 
the corner of Liberty, Tattnall, and Appling, while the counties of Twiggs, 
Wilkinson, Washington, Glascock, Jefferson and Richmond, indicate its lira 
its in the North, It differs from Middle Georgia in several important respects ; 
its geological formations are tertiary instead of metamorphic ; its average 
elevation is only about 250 feet above the sea ; its surface is more level ; iis 
soils, for the most part, loamy or sandy; subsoil clay, red and yellow, 4 to 
6 inches below the surface in clay lands, 8 to 12 inches in sandy lands ; its 
forest growth is principally pine ; it contains calcareous marls in consid- 
able deposits. It is also the commencement of the section in which the 
sugar cane can be profitably cultivated, while its rocks, which are few, are 
of a sedimentary character, with iron ore and Buhr stone in several locali- 
ties. Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay are found along its entire length 
from east to west. Its water powers are less than those of Middle Georgia, 
and its drinking water, while good, is less cool and pure. While pine is 
the leading forest growth, and the chief timber for building and export; 
there are also large bodies of oak and hickory. The soils in such localities 
are either clayey or gray, mostly the latter, and admirably adapted to the 
production of cotton and corn; cypress obounds in the swamps and low- 
lands. The county of Burke was, for manj' years, and until the late revolu- 
tion in our system of labor, the leading cotton producing county of the State 
The comparatively fresh lands of Decatur have, of late years, enabled her 
to claim and hold the championship in this particular product. Cotton, 
with corn, wheat, (the adaptation to which lessens as we proceed south- 
ward into the pine lands,) oats, rye, barley, sugar cane, potatoes, consti- 
tute the staple products of the section. The average yields per acre with 
fair culture: are cotton, 650 lbs. ; corn, 14 bushels ; wheat, 12 bushels ; oats, 
25 bushels ; cane syrup, 300 gallons ; potatoes, 150 bushels ; barley 30 bushels. 
There is much high culture in the district, and these results are often 
quadrupled. The seasons for planting and harvesting are nearly the same 



[141] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 79 

as those of Middle Georgia, perhaps from 10 to 14 days earlier. The district 
is famous for its excellent fruit, especially peaches, strawberries and melons, 
large quantities of which are exported annually to northern markets. Rich- 
mond, Burke and Washington being the principal counties engaged in the 
trade. The fig, grape— especially scuppernong— pear, plum, are all grown 
successfully. All the vegetables thrive well. 

The district is well watered, and water powers are ample for all purposes. 
The climate is perceptibly milder in winter than that of Middle Georgia, 
and the average temperature in summer higher ; snows light, and only fall 
once in everv tour or five years. The average price of wood-land in the oak 
and hickory section is $7 to $10 per acre, and improved lands $4 to $6 ; 
in the pine country uncleared lands can be bought from $1 to $2 per acre ; 
improved farms from $3 to $4. Both can be had on a liberal credit. In the 
upper half of the district, the average wages of good field hands is $9 per 
month, with rations ; in the pine lands, $7 ; ordinary mechanics, $1 to $2 
per day. 

The people are among the best in the State, and desire to fill up 
their surplus lands with industrious and thrifty immigrants. 

The Bermuda and sedge grasses of the old fields in the upper tier of coun- 
ties, and the wire grass and cane of the southern tier, afford the finest ranges 
for cattle and sheep the greater portion of the year. The southern counties 
abound in fish, deer, and nearly every species of wild game. 

COUNTIES. 

Bulloch.— Population, in 1870,5,610—3,866 white, 1,744 black ; county 
has 6 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 21 per cent of tillable Tand cleared, 
prevailing forest growth pine and cypress,- with some oak, hickory, magno- 
lia, elm ; has 47 public free schools for whites, 5 for blacks; 15 Baptist 
churches, 5 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic; 64 per cent, of 
farm laborers white. 

Stateshoro, the capital town, is 10 miles from Central Railroad, 40 miles 
from Savannah River, 55 miles from Savannah, the market town ; (details 
not reported). 

Bdrke— Population in 1870, 17,679—3,866 white, 13,436 black ; 5 per cent, 
of county irreclaimable- swamp, 62 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 76 
per cent, of farm laborers black ; iron ore in abundance and worked with 
profit during the late war ; Buhr stone of excellent quality, quarried to a 
limited extent, marl in large and valuable deposits ; 20 public free schools 
for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churches 13, Methodist 12. Presbyterian 
2, all for whites ; negroes have about same number ; no manufacturing ex- 
cept flour and lumber; county regarded as one of the richest and most pros- 
perous in the State. 

Waynesboro, tlie capital town, is on the Waynesboro branch of the Cen 
tral Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta, the market town, 100 miles from Sa- 
vannah, 20 miles from Savannah river; has 800 inhabitants— 400 white, 400 
black, 51 private residences, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 3 schools witli 175 pupils, 1 
weekly newspaper, 11 stores of mixed merchandise, 2 drug stores, 2 physi- 
cians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 



80 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [142] 

Dodge,— Having been laid off from parts of Telfair, Pulaski, and Mont- 
gomery, in 1870, population not given in census of that year ; 5 per cent, of 
county too swampy for cultivation, 15 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 95 
per cent, of forest growth yellow pine, same per cent, of soil sandy or sandy 
loam ; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white ; has 15 public free schools for 
whites, 3 for blacks, besides private schools ; 12 Baptist churches, 10 Meth- 
odist, 1 Presbyterian ; naval stores and lumber leading manufactures, saw- 
mills and turpentine distilleries numerous, 3 shingle factories. 

Eastman, the capital town, on Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 56 miles 
from Macon, 130 miles from Brunswick, 12 miles from Ocmulgee river; has 
a population of 500—300 white, 200 black ; 1 splendid hotel— a favorite 
winter resort for northern invalids, 30 private residences, some very elegant ; 
no churches, 1 high school with 40 scholars, L weekly newspaper, 5 dry- 
goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 

Emanuel.— Population in 1870, 6,134—4,431 white, 1,703 black ; has 4 per 
cent, irreclaimable swamp, 11 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 82 per cent, 
of farm laborers white ; 33 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks ; 22 
Baptist churches, 8 Methodist ; 3 steam and 2 water lumber mills, 3 distil- 
leries of turpentine, 2 carriage factories. 

Swainshoro, the capital town, is 17 miles from Central Railroad, is the ter- 
minus of a projected branch roa,d ; is 4 miles from Ohoopee river, 80 miles 
from Savannah, the market town of county; has 420 inhabitants— 400 
white, 20 bla^k ; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 
scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 3 physi- 
cians. 4 lawyers. 

Glascock.— Population in 1870,' 2,736—1,917 white, 819 black; about 1 
per cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
about 20 per cent, of soil clay, rest sandy; 66 per cent, of farm laborers 
white ; 12 public free schools for whites, 4 for blacks ; 6 Baptist and 7 Meth- 
odist churches. 

Gibson, the capital town, is 14 miles from Augusta and Macon Railroad, 
15 miles from Central Railroad. 40 miles from Augusta, the market t©wn, 
(details not reported). 

Jefferson.— Population, in 1870, 12,190—4,247 white, 7,943 black ; 6 per 
cent, of the county too swampy for cultivation, 70 per cent, of lands sandy, 
same proportion originally pine forest ; of tillable land, 59 per cent, cleared ; 
74 per cent, of farm laborers black ; a a quarry of superior Buhr stone in 
south-eastern corner has been worked with profit, no other minerals re- 
ported ; there are 32 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist 
churches 10, Methodist 11, Presbyterian 3, Roman Catholic, 1 ; flour and 
lumber mills the only manufactures of county. 

Louisville, the capital town, and for many years the capital of the State, is 
10 miles from the Central Railroad, 45 miles from Augusta. 110 miles from 
Savannah, the market town of the county ; has 550 in habitants— 300 white, 
250 black ; 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 4 schools with 70 pupils, 
1 weekly newspaper. 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 phy- 
sicians, 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 



[143] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 81 

Johnson.— Population, in 1870, 2,964—2,049 white, 915 black; forest 
growth chiefly pine, 16 per cent, clay lands, with oak and hickory- 
growth, 5 per cent, irreclaimable swamp ; about 20 per cent, of tillable land 
cleared; 80 per cent, of farm laborers white; several deposits of marl, but 
not utilized ; 14 public free schools, all for whites ; Baptist cimrches 6, 
Methodist 11; no manufacturing. 

WrightsvWe, the capital town, is 15 miles from Central railroad, 120 from 
Savannah, principal market town, 80 miles from Augusta, 70 miles from 
Macon, (details not reported). 

Laurens.— Population, in 1870, 7,834—4,180 white. 3,654 black; 2J per 
cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 20 
per cent, clay lands, 80 per cent, sandy and sandy loam; 58 per cent, of 
farm laborers black ; prevailing forest growth yellow pine of best quality 
for lumber; 31 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
18, Methodist 8 ; flour, lumber, wagons and leather the only manufactures 
of county. 

Dublin., the capital town, is on the Oconee River, 25 miles from Central 
Railroad, 30 miles from Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 55 miles from 
Macon, 160 from Savannah ; population 532— white 233, black 299 ; private 
dwellings — of whites 46, blacks 34 ; hotels 2, churches— for whites 1, for 
blacks 1; schools— for whites 1 with 46 pupils, for blacks 1 with 40 pupils; 
weekly newspapers 2, dry goods stores 7, grocery stores 3, drug stores 1, 
physicians 2, lawyers 5, steam grist mills 2, steam saw mills 1, steam gins 2. 

Montgomery.— Population in 1870, 3^,576—2,488 white, 1,108 black ; 2 per 
cent, of lands too broken for successful tillage, 4 per cent, irreclaimable 
swamps, 7 per cent, of tillable land cleared, forest growth chiefly long- leaf 
pine of best quality ; with hickory, cypress, maple, poplar, in low land ; some 
small deposits of marl, large ones of peat, neither utilized in farming ; 72 per 
cent, of farm laborers white; 20 public free schools, all for whites; Baptist 
churches 10, Methodist 18, Presbyterian 2 ; wool-carding, flour, and 
lumber mills in good supply; lumber and turpentine staple products. 

Mt. Vernon, the capital town, is situated on Oconee River, (navigable) 17 
miles from Macon and Brunswick R. R., 100 miles from Savannah, the 
market town, though much produce sold at railroad stations; has 157 in- 
habitants— 97 white, 60 black, 24 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 church 
building with two congregations, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 dry-goods 
stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physican, 5 lawN'ers. 

Pulaski.- Population in 1870, 11,940—5,955 white, 5,984 black ; 4 per 
cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 4 5 percent, of tillable lands cleared, 
73 per cent, of farm laborers black , some calcareous marls, but not utilized ; 
29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 20, Meth- 
odist 15, Episcopal 1, Presbyterian 1; 1 cotton factory, 3,000 spindles. 1 wooU- 
carding machine, 5 carriage shops, flour and lumber mills, ordinary work 
shops in good nuniber; S of forest timber pine and of superior quality. 

Bawkinsoille, the capital town, is on the west bank of Ocmugee Rivet 
and ^he terminus of a branch of Macon and Brunswick R. R.,53 miles from 
Macon by rail ; is principal market town of county ; has 1 bank, (detaih 
not reported.) 
6 



82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [144] 

Etchmond.— Population in 1871, 25,724—13,157 white, 12,567 black ; 5 per 
cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 70 per cent, of tillable land already 
cleared ; 75 per cent, of forest growth long-leaf pine, rest oak, hickory, 
poplar, gum, walnut; 65 per cent, of field laborers white; kaolin in large 
quantities is shipped to northern cities ; public free schools, (country) have 
45 teachers, average number of pupils 1,102; Baptist churches 18, Methodist 
18, Episcopal 3, Presbyterian 4, Roman Catholic 2, Lutheran 1, Unitarian 1, 
Christian 1, Hebrew 1 ; 4 large cotton factories, 3 large merchant flour mills, 
2 fertilizer manufiictories. 

Augusta, the capital town, is situated on the west bank of Savannah 
River, 250 miles by water from its mouth, and is the terminus of 5 rail- 
roads; population, in 1877, 23,768—15,136 white, 8,632 black; has 500 pri- 
vate dwellings, 4 hotels, 17 churches for whites, 12 for blacks; 4 high 
sciiools wi'.h 7 teachers, 165 average number of pupils ; city common schools 
with 30 teachers, average number of pupils 1,353; private schools with 14 
teachers and 300 pupils ; 6 banks, 2 daily newspapers, 1 weekly newspaper, 
1 medical college, 34 dry goods stores, 188 grocer}'' stores, 17 drug stores, 52 
lawyers, 42 physicians, 9 dentists. Manufactories : Augusta Factory,, man- 
ufactures sheeting, shirting and drilling ; has 24,000 spindles, 800 looms, an- 
nual production, 314,878 pieces, 14,777,337 yards, 4,646,108 pounds, capital 
$600,000; Enterprise Manufacturing Company, sheeting and drilling; has 
7,300 spindles (to be increased to 12,800), capital $150,000 ; Richmond Fac- 
tory, osnaburgs, stripes, thread and woolen goods, 3,500 spindles, capital 
$60,000; Globe Cotton Mills, bats, yarn and warp, l,500spindles ; Augusta Ca- 
nal Manufacturing Company, carpet yarn, twine, etc., 1,020 spindles. Three 
large merchant flour mills— Paragon, Excelsior, Forest— stones and capacity 
not ascertained ; Barry's Chemical B^ertilizer Manufacturing Company, and 
Georgia Chemical Works, capital, etc., not ascertained. 

Screven— Population, in 1870, 9,175—4,287 white, 4,888 black ; 3^ per 
cent, of lands irreclaimable swamp, 12 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 56 
per cent, of farm laborers black; 66 per cent, of soil sandy, same per cent, 
of forest growth pine; of minerals— liniestone abundant in north-west part 
of county and burned to considerable extent ; Buhr stone also quarried to 
some extent, calcareous marls exist in good supply and are accessible ; there 
are 29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptists have 30 
churches, Methodists 3, Christians 1; 2 turpentine distilleries with 100 
operatives in each, several wagon, carriage an.i plough factories, flour and 
lumber mills ; cattle and wool are large interests. 

Sylvania, the capital town, is 12 miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
from Savannah River, 60 miles by rail to Savannah, the market town ; has 
300 inhabitants— 200 white, 100 black; 25 private dwelli/igs, 1 hotel, 2 
churches, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 mixed stores, 1 physician, 6 lawyers. 

Tatn ALL.— Population in 1870, 4,860—3,580 white, 1,280 black ; the entire 
area reported susceptible of cultivation, 4i)er cent, of tillable land cleared, 
87^ per cent, sandy pine land, 68 per cent, of farm laborers white, some 
calcareous marls ; large quanties of peat available for agricultural purpos- 
es; 29 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; Baptists have 11 chur- 
ches, Methodists 14; timber and lumber chief manuftictures, large trade in 
both; sheep and stock range excellent and perennial. 



LI 45] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 83 



Reftdsville, the capital town, is 40 miles from Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 
,T2 from Macon and Brunswick Railroad. 12 miles from Altamaha River, 2 
miles from Great Ohoopec, bo:h navigable; has 85 white inhabitants, 12 
private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 1 school with 30 pupils, 2 dry goods 
sfeOTes, 2 grocery stores, 1 physician, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Telfair.— Population in 1870, 3,245 ; 2,100 white, 1,145 black ; has 8 per 
cent, of irreclaimable swamp, 17 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 50 per 
cent. stilT pebbly soil, rest sandy ; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white; long 
leaf pine exclusive growth ot uplands, timber of superior qiiality ; 17 pub- 
lic free schools for white , 3 for blacks; Baptists have 6 churches, Metho- 
dists 10 ; 1 steam shingle and grist mill, 2 steam saw mills, 6 turpentine dis- 
tilleries. 

Mcllae, the capital town., on Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 8) mile^s 
from Ma. on, 130 from Savannah, the market town, 111 miles from Ocmul- 
gee river, has 350 inhabitants— 200 white, 150 black ; 25 private dwellings. 
1 church. 1 school with 30 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores. 1 
lawyer, no physician. 

Twiggs.— Population in 1870, 8,545—2,913 white, 5,G32 black ; 5 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 per cent, of tillable land cleared, about 
60 per cent, sandy pine land, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 1« oublic 
free schools for whites, 10 for blacks ; Baptists have 6 churches, Methodist? 9 ; 
flour and lumber only manufactures. 

Jfjfersonville, the capital town, is 12 miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
from Ocmulgee river, 23 miles from Macon, the market town ; (details not. 
reported.) 

Washington.— Population in 1870,15,842—7,530 white, 8,312 black ; dk 
per cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 52i per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
50 per cent, clay soil with oak and hickory growth, remainder sandy with 
pine forest; 81 percent, of field laborers black; of minerals—opal (while, 
gray, yellow,) extensive beds of calcareous marl, kaolin, potter's clay, 
etc., etc. ; 46 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptists and Meth- 
odists have, each, about 20 churches, Roman Catholics 1. Bible Christians 
4 ; 1 pottery, lumber and flour mills the only manufacturing interests. 

Sandersville, the capital town, is the terminus of a short railroad connect- 
ing with Central Railroad at Tennille, GO miles from Augusta, (55 miles 
from Macon, 135 miles from Savannah, the market town, 14 miles from 
Oconee River; has 1,050 inhabitants— 700 white, 350 black, 125 private 
d.weilings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 3 schools with 200 pupils, 2 weekly newspa- 
pers, 14 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 13 lawyers, 1 
dentist. 

Tennille, on Central Railroad. 5o miles from Macon, 136 from Savannah; 
(details not reported). 

Wilkinson —Population in 1870, 9,383—4,084 white, 4,699 black; U per 
cent, of area too broken for profitable tillage, 2\ per cent, irreclaimable 
swamp, 60 percent, of tillable land cleared, 50 percent, sandy pine land— 
rest clay witn oak and hickory growth ; 57i per cent, of laborers black ; 42 
public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks; Baptists have 20 churches, 
Methodi-ts 12, Episcopalians 1, Roman Catholics 1 ; flour and lumber milU 
are the only manufactures. 



84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [146] 

Irtomto7i, the capital town, is 3J miles from the Central Eailroad, 30 milea 
from Macon, the market town of the county; has 275 inhabitants— 225 
•white, 50 black; 35 private dwelling?, 1 hotel, 1 union church; 1 school 
with 50 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, G grocery stcres, 4 
physicians, 8 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. 

This division embraces 15 counties, and comprises the coast and tide*wa- 
ter section of the State. The entire region is tertiary and mostly without 
rocks. It is the last formed and first settled portion of Georgia, and its area 
of dry land is being gradually added to year aft:r year through the action 
of the tides. It is low and level, the average elevation being less than 100 
feet. 

It has three distinct soils : 1, light, sandy and poor ; 2, dark sandy loam 
containing a large amount of vegetable matter; 3, reddish and clayey. The 
first is naturally unproductive and covered with stunted pines and saw pal- 
metto ; but swamp muck being abundant, with a proper distribution of it 
over the land, it may be cultivated with reasonable success. The second va- 
riety is covered with a natural growth of yellow pine, magnolia, red bay, 
live-oak, cedar, and cabbage palmetto, and in productiveness is excelled by 
no land in the State ; it has a yellow clay subsoil, varying from 10 inches to 
3 feet; Sea-island cotton, corn, and sugar cane grow in the greatest luxuri- 
ance. The third variety is also very productive, pine, oak, hickory and 
gum being the prevailing forest growth ; subsoil clay, red and yellow ; av- 
erage depth below the surface 8 to 12 inches. It is the great rice-producing 
section of the State— the broad bottoms of the Savannah, the two Ogeechces. 
the Altamaha, and Saltilla, being devoted almost exclusively to tbat cereal, 
It is also grown to a less extent on the St. Mary's, and considerable quanti- 
ties on inland swamps, the irrigation in the latter being effected by meansof 
'' backwater," collected froni rains and secured by dams. Sea island, or 
long staple cotton, was the only variety formerly grown, but of late years 
the short staple has been introduced and cultivated with fair success. Corn, 
oats, pumpkins, potatoes, ground-peas all do well. The Sea-islands are 
devoted almost exclusively to cotton, corn, cane, fruits and vegetables. Cy- 
press and palmetto abound in the swamps and river bottoms. 

Average yield, per acre, of staple crops, with fair cultivation : Sea-island 
cotton, GOO lbs. in seed ; corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 25 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; 
cane syrup, 300 gallons; potatoes, 200 bushels. On best lands— 1,500 lbs. 
seed cotton, GO bushels rice, GOO gallons syrup, 50 bushels corn, 40 bushels 
oats, 400 bushels potatoes— are often produced on one acrei Corn planted 
middle of February till 1st of June, gathered in August and September; 
cotton planted March and April, gathered in autumn months; rice planted 
March to June, harvested last of August till 1st October; cane planted Feb- 
ruary and March, cut in October and early in November; potatoes planted 
March to June, gathered July to November; oats sowed iu October, har- 
vested in May. 

Average wa^es of good farm hands, per month, with rations, $9; of ordi- 
nary mechanics, $1,50 to $2.50 per day. 



[147] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 85 



The fruits bestadapfcod to the soil and climate, are the figs, melons of all 
kinds, Kcnppernong grapes, pomegranates, sand or LeConte pears, some 
varieties of apples, strawberries; the orange, lemon, lime and banana, are 
also grown successfully. 

This section exports, annually, large quantities of fruits, cliiefly melons— 
also vegetables ; nearly every variety of the latter attains to great per- 
fection. 

The climate is delightful in winter, the mean temperature being about 
4:8° ; nor is the heat oppressive in summer, 79* being the mean tempera- 
ture. The mercury seldom rises above 90* or falls below 32*. The bracing 
influences of the s.\a-breezes is felt throughout this section. Snow is rarely 
seen, and never sufficient to lie on the ground half a day. Along the coast 
and off the fresh water rivers, the section is among the healthiest in the 
State. 

The district is well watered by running streams, and all parts of it con- 
venient to market. Drinking water, though not cold, is good and whole- 
some. Railroads penetrate every county, except two, and they are well 
supplied with navigable streams, connecting with inl.md steamboat navi- 
gation from Savannah to Florida. The pine lands of this section are 
well timbered, and under good culture, produce fine crops. It may be 
bought at from 50 cents to $2.00 per acre, and on a liberal credit ; improved 
lands of the second quality mentioned, are worth from $5 to $10 per acre ; 
good river rice lands, r'rom $25 to $30 per acre. 

In Effingham, Camden, Wayne and Charlton, there are large deposits of 
calcareous marl, where it can be utilized to the greatest advantage in agri- 
culture. Our State Geologist, in commenting on this division of the State, 
uses the following langragc : 

" I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a 
comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why the 
whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section of 
Prussia wliere Frederick the Great founded the city of Berlin, from which 
capital, within this decade, terms have been dictated to the continent of 
Europe. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the 
two sections, and, should the tide of German emigration be turned hither, 
there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the 
Fatherland." 

COUNTIES. 

Appling.— Population, in 1870, 5,086—4,110 white, 970 black; ten per 
cent, of tillable land cleared, per cent irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent of 
field laborers white ; public free schools for whites, 27; for blacks, 3 ; Bap- 
fists have 5 churches; Methodist. 10; 300 persons engaged in the manufac- 
ture of tur{)entinc, rosin, etc., 100 in lumber, 200 in timber; 1 bedstead fac- 
tory, 1 chair factory. 

Barley, the capital town, is on the Macon & Burnswick Railroad, 90 nxiles 
from Savannah, 70 miles from Brunswick, 10 miles from Altamaha River; 
has 275 inhabitants— 200 white, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 
school with 25 pupils, dry gobds stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 4 
lawyers, 1 dentist. 



^6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [148] 

Bryan, — Population, in 1870, 5,252— l,Gi7 white, 3,G05 black ; has 15 per 
cent, irreclaimable swamp, 30 per cent of tillable land cleared ; 55 per cent. 
of farm laborers white; marls abundant ; public free schools for whites 12, 
for black 2; Baptist churches 5, Methodist G. The rice lands of Bryan art* 
among the most productive and vahiablein the State. 

Eden, the capital town, is a very small village, without business, and con- 
taining little else than a court house; is about 8 miles from the Atlantic & 
Gulf Railroad, and same distance from Central Railroad, 20 miles from Sa- 
vannah, the market town, and 3 miles from the Cannouchee River, a navi- 
gable stream. 

Camden.— Population in 1870,4,615—1,458 white, 3,157 black; a small 
proportion of county irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent, of tillable land 
cleaied, the rice lands not excelled anywhere in the South, and are quite ex- 
tensive, the average product 60 bushels per acre; marl beds of best quality 
exist on Satilla river; has 11 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; 
10 Baptist cliurches, 10 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman 
Catholic; lumber the only manufacture of county, exported in large quan- 
tities. 

St. Mary's, the capital town, is situated on St. Mar^^'s River, in sight of 
the ocean, 45 miles from a railroad, is the market town for the county ; has 
1,200 inhabitants— 550 white, G50 black, Gl private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 
churches, 5 schools with 130 pupils, 9 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 
several large steam lumber mills. 

Charlton.— Population in 1870, 1,897—1,490 white, 401 black ; 33 percent, 
of county, included in Okefinokee swamp, 5 per cent, of tillable land cleared 
90 per cent, of farm laborers white; marls of best quality abound in the 
county; public free schools 10: Methodist churches G, Baptist 2; cotton gin 
factories, shingle and stave works, and lumber mills the only manufactur- 
ing establishments. 

Tradtr'if Bill, the capital town, is on the St. Mary's River, a navigable 
stream, 45 miles from its mouth; has G5 inhabitants— 25 white, 40 blacky 
12 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, school with 25 punils, 3 dry -goods 
stores, 1 grocery store, 1 lawyer, no physician. 

Chatham.— Population in 1870 41,279-10,700 white, 24,518 black; has 
about 10 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 12 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
90 per cent, of farm laborers black ; chief [)roducts rice, vegetables, fruits ; 
about 100 public and private schools; Methodist churches 12, Baptist 14, 
Presbyterian G, Episcopal 4, Roman Catholic 3, Congregational 2, Lutheran 
1, Jewish Synagogues 3; manufactories— rice mills for threshing 15, capital 
invested $200,000, hands employed 450; rice mills for cleaning 5, capital in- 
vested $500,000, hands employed 40; agricultural implements 1, capital in- 
vested $3,000, hands employed 12 ; barrel and cask factories 2, capital $5,000, 
hands ei))ployed50; flour and corn mills 5, capital $75,000, hands employed 
40; wagon, carriage and dray factories 9, caiiital $75,000, hands employed 
40; 1 paper n\ill, capital $80,000, hands employed 40; engine and car facto- 
ries 2. capital $150,000, hands employed 567 ; 1 cotton ractory, 1 fertilizer 
tJactory, 4 iron and brass foundries ; 4 lumber mills, capital $50,000, hand* 



[149] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 87 

employed 80; 4 manufactories of lumber, capital $00,000, hands employed 
120. 

Savannah, the capital town and lirst capital of the State, is situated on the 
bank of the river of that name, eighteen miles from its mouth, in lati- 
tude 32° 04' 52", longitude 81° 05' 2G". It is the terminus of tliree trunk 
lines of railroad, and its ship tonnage, foreign and coastwise, amounted in 
1877 to 1,17G,5G2; men 31,504. It is the second cottop port in rank in the 
Southern States; has a population of about 28,000—15,000 while, 13,000 
black ; 5,000 ])rivate dwellings, 8 hotels, 34 churches, G banks, 1 daily news- 
paper, 5 weekly newspapers, 27 dry-goods stores, 217 grocery stores, 21 drug 
stores, 40 physicins, 64 lawyers, 10 dentists. 

Clinch.— Population, in 1870, 3,945—3,437 white, 607 black ; has 18 per 
cent, of irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent of tillable land cleared ; soil sandy 
throughout; 75 per cent of farm laborers white; has 21 public free schools 
for whites, 1 for blacks ; Baptist churches, 10 ; Methodist, 7 ; Second Ad- 
ventists, 1 ; lumber business employs 150 hands, and naval stores 150, both 
interests prosperous, 

Honierville, the capital town, is on Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. 122 miles 
from Savannah, the market town, 50 miles from navigation on Satilla River; 
has 400 inhabitants — 250 white, 150 black ; 50 private dwellings, 2 churches, 
1 hotel, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 phy- 
sicians, 2 lawyers. 

Coffee.— Population in 1870, 3,192—2,514 white, 678 black ; 25 percent, of 
area irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 75 percent, 
of field labor performed by whites; there are 20 public free schools for 
whites, 1 for blacks; the Baptists have 10 churches, Methodists 15, Roman 
Catholics 1 ; lumber and grist mills the only manufacturing establishments- 

Douglas, the capital town, is 20 miles from a railroad, 15 from a navigable 
stream and 20 from the market town of the county (other details not re- 
ported.) 

Echols.— Population in 1870, 1,972—1.513 white, 4G5 black ; 33 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent of tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, 
of fiirm laborers white; large beds of limestone on Alapaha River; has 13 
public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Baptists have 7 churches, Meth- 
odists 4, Christians 1; no manufactories; county abounds in finest pine 
timber. 

Sta'.enmllp, the capital town, is 6] miles from the Florida branch of the At- 
lantic & Gulf Railroad, and 20 miles from the market town; has 195 in- 
habitants— 105 whites, 30 blacks ; 10 private dwellings, 1 church, 1 hotel, 1 
school with 30 pupils, 2 dry goods stores, no physicians or lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Effingham.— Population in 1870, 4,214—2,507 white, 1,704 black.; abou' 
10 per cent, of the county irreclaimable swamp, but 5 per cent, of tillable 
land cleared, all sandy with deep clay subsoil ; abundant beds of excellent 
calcareous marl on Savannah river; 57 per cent, of field labor performed 
by whites; 10 public free schools well distributed, besides private schools; 
7 Baptise churches, 5 Methodist, 5 Lutheran. 

Springfwld, the capital town, is six miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 



88 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [150] 

from Savannah river; has 33 inhabitants— 25 white, 8 black; 10 private 
dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry-goods store, 1 grocery 
store, 1 physician. 1 lawyer. 

Glynn.— Population in 1870, 5,370—1,926 white, 3,450 black ; 20 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared; marl of 
excellent quality exists ; 98 per cent, of farm laborers whites ; public free 
jichool system is irgperfectly organized; Baptist churches 4, Methodist 6, 
Presbyterians 1, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 ; lumber and naval stores 
are the important interests of the county, and large exports are annually 
made of each. 

Brunswick, the capital town is situated on St. Simon's Sound, opposite the 
mouth of Turtle river, and is the terminus of two trunk lines of railway , i 
has 2,700 inhabitants— 1,500 white, 1,200 black ; 700 private dwellings, 2 ho- 
tels, 9 churches, 2 banks, 6 schools with 300 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 
dry-goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 6 physieians, 8 lawyers, 3 
dentists. 

Liberty.— Population in 1870, 7,688—2,428 white, 5,260 black ; has much 
swamp land, but nearly all considered reclaimable ; of tillable land only 10 
per cent, is cleared ; large deposits of marl on North Newport river near 
Dorchester; 75- per cent, of farm laborers black; 29 public free schools for 
whites, 24 for blacks ; Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian the prevailing 
religious sects. 

WaUhourville, the capital town, is situated on the Atlantic and Gult Rail- 
road, 38 miles from Savannah, the market town of the county ; has 395 in- 
babitants— 195 white, 200 black ; 34 private dwellings, no hotel, 3 churches, 
3 schools with 30 pupils, 4 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 

McIntosh.— Population in 1870, 4,484-1,196 white, 3,288 black ; 15 per 
cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 30 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 95 
per cent, of farm laborers black ; lumber mills the only manufacturing in- 
terest of the county— rice its chief agricultural product ; 5 public free 
schools for whites, 6 for blacks ; 6 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist, 2 Presby- 
terians, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic. 

Darien, the capital tovvn, is situated on the Altamaha river, 4 miles from 
its mouth, 30 miles Irom Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 60 miles from Savan- 
nah ; has 7 large steam saw mills, employing 125 hands, and is the largest 
lumber port on the South-Atlantic coast ; has 1,500 inhabitants— 500 white, 
1,000 black ; 400 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 1 weekly newspa- 
per, 2 schools, with 150 pupils, 10 dry goods stores, 15 grocery stores, 4 
physicians, 5 lawyers 

Pierce.— Population in 1870, 2,788—1,964 white; 814 black ; 7i percent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 83 per 
cent, of farm laborers white ; lands all sandy, but swanip muck abundant 
and convenient ; has 17 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks ; 7 Bap- 
tist churches, 3 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 4 steam lumber mills, employ- 
ing 40 hands each, 5 turpentine distilleries, from 40 to 60 hands each. 
, Blacksh<iar, the capital town, is on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 86 miles 
from Savannah, the market town, has 800 inhabitants— 425 white, 375 black; 
125 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 5 schools with 147 pupils, 1 



[151] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 89 



weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, G grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 pby- 
aidans, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Ware— Population in 1870,2,286—1,83-4 white, 452 black; about 33 per 
cent, of county included in Okefinokee Swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable laud 
cleared, lands all sandy with clay subsol ; large deposits of marl of excellent 
quality on S itilla river. 75 per cent, of farm laborers white; 18 public free 
schools for whites, 3 for black; 3 Baptist churches, G Methodist; G steam 
lamber mills and 1 turpentine distillery, employing 210 hands. 

Waycross, the capital town, is situated at the intersection of the Atlantic 
and Gulf and the Brunswick and Albany Railroads, 95 miles from Savan- 
nah, 57 miles from Brunswick, 2 miles from Sutilla river, a navigable stream, 
has 315 inhabitants— 300 white, 45 black ; 30 private dwellings. 2 hotels, 1 
church, 3 schools with 40 pupils, 2 dry -goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 phy- 
sicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Wayne.— Population in 1870, 2,177— 1,798 white, 379 black ; 10 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable Bwarap; 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 75 per 
cent, of farm laborers white; large deposits of marl of superior quality on 
Altamaha and Satilla Rivers, easily obtained; 25 public free schools for 
whites, 3 for blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; about 
250 hands employed in lumber mills, 150 in manufacture of naval stores. 

Jesup, the capital town, is situated at the intersection of the Atlantic and 
Gulf and the Macon and Brunswick Railroads, 57 mils from Savannah^ 40 
miles from Brunswick ; has 850 inhabitants— 400 white, 450 black ; 75 pri- 
vate dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 75 pupils, 1 weekly news- 
paper, 7 mixed stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 1 lawyer. 

WaynesviUe^ the former county site, has 125 inhabitants— 75 white, 50 
black; 15 private residences, 2 churches, 2 stores of general merchandise. 

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA. 

This division is composed of thirty-three counties, and embraces all that 
country lying between the Ocmulgee and Allapaha Rivers in the east, 
and the Chattahoochee River in the west; the northern boundary 
being a line from Macon to Columbus, and the State of Florida its 
boundary in the south. Like Southeast Georgia, the entire region is 
tertiary. It is more broken, or rolling, than Southeast Georgia, and, with 
the exception of marl, buhr and limestone, is, in a great measure, destitute 
of rocks. It has also a greater proportion of clay lands and oak and hick- 
ory forest growth, rdthough much the larger part of it is a light sandy soil, 
and was originally covered with j'^ellow, or long-leaf pine. 

The clay lands are, generally, very rich, and their fertility lasting; the 
pine lands produce freely, are easily worked, but are less durable, though 
with reasonable fertilization they last for many years. The district contains 
very little waste land, or lands too poor or to6 swampy for cultivation, 
while the alluvial lands of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and of 
many of the creeks, have made the section tamousas the best cotton region 
of the State. Co:n, oats, wheat, rye, and sugar cane grow well. 



^0 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [152] 

The depth of the subsoil beneath the surface, on clay lands, is to 10 
Inches; on sandy lands, from 12 inches to 3 feet. The prey^-nderating for- 
est growth is long-leaf, or yellow pine, furnishing the best of lumber, large 
quantities of which are prepared annually for export aid domestic use. 
The supply would seem to be almost inexhaustible. Spirits of turpentine, 
rosin, pitch, and tar — all the products of this tree — are made in considera- 
ble quantities, and the interest is on the increase. In the swamps and river 
bottoms there are cypress, cotton-wood, poplar, ash, maple, beach, birch, 
red-bay, magnolia, sweet-gum, and water oak ; whi'.e the growth of the 
•clay belts is red and post oaks, black jack, hickory, walnut, black-gum, 
-dogwood, and buck-eye. 

Cotton is the leading market crop of this division, and previous to the 
derangement of plantation labor by emancipation, its crop of the staple 
probably equalled the production of all the rest of the State. Corn and 
•oats grow to great perfection, but none f jr export since the war ; sugar cane 
is a successful crop throughout the section ; tobacco, in considerable quan- 
tities, is grown in the southern counties. 

The average yields, per acre, with good cultivation, arei cotton, 500 lbs. 
in seed ; corn, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; syrup, 200 gallons; sweet po- 
tatoes, 150 bushels ; ground peas, 50 bushels. On best lands, without man- 
ure, 1,500 to 2,000 lbs. cotton in seed, 50 to 75 bushels corn, 50 to 65 bushels 
oats, 400 gallons ot syrup, and 400 bushels sweet potatoes, are often i)ro- 
duced. It is reliably reported that a Berrien county farmer produced 800 
bushels of sweet potatoes on one acre, under high cultivation. Over 900 
gallons of syrup, per acre, has been made in Thomas county. 

Cotton is planted early in April, picking commences in August; corn 
planted in February and March, matures in August; oat« sowed usually in 
November, harvested last of May to last of June ; sugar cane planted Feb- 
ruary and March, cut October and November. 

Average wages of good farm hands, $9 per month ; of ordinary me- 
chanics, $1.25 to $2 per day. 

The fruits best adapted to the section, are the peach, pear, melon, grape 
(especially the scuppernong), fig, pomegranate, some varieties of apple, 
strawberry ; in the southern tier of counties, the orange, lemon and banana 
are successfully grown. There is no country where all the vegetables grow 
to greater perfection when cultivated with ordinary skill. The tea-plant 
and the olive have also been successfully grown iw this and other southern 
•divisions of the State. 

Thecliraaie varies but little from that of Southeast Georgia, the average 
mean temperature being, in summer, 85° ; in winter, 05° ; extremes, 94° and 
32°. Snow falls about once in 10 or 15 years, never sufficient to completely 
oover the ground. The health of the hill country and pine lands is good 
the year round, but fevers, generally of a mild type, are common along the 
lines of rivers and swamps in late summer and early fall months. 

The country is well watered, and good water pov/ers are found where tlie 
streams break through the marl beds, with which many of the counties 
abound. Several railroads traverse the section, while the Ocmulgee, Flint, 
and Chattahoochee Rivers furnish transportation nearly the entire year. 

Tke poorer^ unimproved pine lands, well timbered, may be bought at 50 



[153] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 91 

cents per acre ; good at $1 to $2.50; best lands at from $4 to $10— all on a 
liberal credit. 

The drinking water in the hill country is good, though not very cold ; in 
the flat lands not so good, and generally impregnated with lime. The waters 
abound with fish, and the forests furnish game, large and small, in any 
quantity desired. 

The large bodies of unimproved land, to be found in nearly every county 
of the district, furnish excellent pasturage the year round for cattle and 
sheep, and are free to ail. Little or no feeding or sheltering. is required, and 
beef and mutton are taken directly from the range to market. 

COUNTIES. 

Baker. — Population in 1870. 0,843—1,888 white, 4.955 black ; 7 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp. 45 percent of tillable land cleared, 75 percent, 
of field laborers black ; limestone, composed chiefly of shells, abundant; 10 
public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches, 5; Methodist, 
3; Presbyterian, 1 ; flour and lumber mills the only manufactories. 

JVeiolon, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, 8 miles from South 
Ga., & Florida Railroad, and 20 miles from Albany, the market town of the 
county (other details not reported). 

Berrien. — Population in 1870. 4,518—4,057 white. 400 Mack ; 15 per cent, 
of its area is irreclaimable swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared, soil 
all sandy with yellowish clay subsoil 6 to 10 inches below surface, original 
forest all pine ; 87 percent, of field laborers white ; has 29 public free schools, 
all for whites ; Baptis! churches 11, Methodist 6, Roman Catholic 1 ; 1 buggy, 
wagon and furniture factory, employing 50 hands; flour and lumber mills 
are the other manufactures. 

N'ashviUe, the capital town, is 12 miles from the Brunsw'ck and Albany 
Railroad, 40 miles from a navigable stream, 12 miles from the market town 
of the county ; has 203 inhabitants— 200 white, 3 black, 30 private dwellings, 
1 hotel, 2 churches. 2 schools with 40 pupils, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery 
store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Bibb.— Population in 1870, 21,255—9,831 white, 11,424 black ; 10 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 per cent, ot tillaole land cleared, 70 per 
cent, sandy soil ; 90 per cent, of farm laborers black ; has 38 public free 
schools, with nearly 1,600 white pupils and about the same of black, 2 male 
colleges, 1 female college, numerous private schools; 6 Baptist churches, 8 
Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish syna- 
gogue ; 2 cotton factories; 3 railroad car factories, 7 iron foundries, 1 brass 
foundry, 3 cotton gin factories, with numerous flour and lumber niills. 

Macon, the capital town, is situated at the head of navigation on the Oc- 
mulgee river, is the market town of a large district of country ; has, with 
the suburb of Vineville, 12,000 inhabitants— 8,000 white, 4,000 black; 4 
banks, 2,000 private dwellings, 4 hotels, 21 churches, 2 male colleges, 1 fe- 
male college, 1 high school, G public grammar schools, 1 academy for the 
blind, 1 medical college, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, 2 cotton factories, 
7 iron foundries, 2 cotton gin factories, 3 railroad car factories, about 30 
dry goods stores, G grocery stores, 7 shoe stores, 3 hardware stores, 2 crockery 
stores, 10 drug stores, 27 physicians, 42 lawyers, 5 dentists. 



92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [154] 

Brooks.— Population in 1870, 8,312—4,111 white, 4.231 black ; 10 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 37 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 80 per 
cent, sandy soil, 02 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 2G public free schools 
for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churches 14, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 2, 
Episcopal 1 ; 1 cotton factory with 40 operatives, 2 turpentine distilleriea, 
flour and lumber mills in sufficient number. 

Quitman, the capital town, is on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 175 miles 
from Savannah, and is the market town of county; has 2,000 inhabitants — 
1,200 white, 800 black ; 400 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 5 churches, 2 schools 
with 150 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 20 dry -goods stores, 3 groceiy stores, 2 
drug stores, 2 physicians, G lawyers, 2 dentists, 1 cotton factory. 

Calhoun.— Population in 1870, 5,503—2,026 white. 3,477 black ; 5 per cent, 
of area is irreclaimable swamp, 58 per cent, sandy soil with pine forest 
growth, 42 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 78 per cent, of farm labor per- 
formed by blacks; has 12 public free scnools for whi es, 9 for blacks; Bap- 
tists have 11 churches, Methodists 8, Presbyterians 1: county well supplied 
with railroad transportation; flour and lumber are the only manufactures. 

Morgan, the capital town, is 4^ miles f/om a railroad, 25 miles from a nav- 
igable str.'am, 30 miles from Albany, the market town of the section, though 
much produce is sold in the county; has 119 inhabitants— 84 white, 35 
black ; 22 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 20 pupils. 1 hotel, 
2 dry-goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 4 lawyers. 

Ch.vttahoociiee.— Population in 1370, 6,059-2,054 white, 3,504 black; 
entire area considered tillable, 75 per cent. Sandy pine land, 60 per cent, 
cleared, 60 per cent, of farm laborers black; several large deposits of marl 
of best quality, containing over 30 per cent, of lime; has 14 public free 
schools, all for whites; 5 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist; no manufactures 
except flour and lumber; Chattahoochee river, navigable, forms the western 
boundary. 

Gusseta, the capital town, is 20 miles from Columbus, the market town 
ofthe county; has 175 inhabitants— 110 white, 65 black, 32 private dwell- 
ings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 60 scholars, 2 mixed stores, 1 phy- 
sician, 3 lawyers. 

Clay.— Population, in 1870, 5,493—2,614 white, 2,849 black; no waste 
land in count}^ 60 per cent, sandy with pine forest growth, 38 per ceat. 
cleared, 63 per cent, of farm laborers black; large and valuable marl beds 
on the Chattahoochee River and tributaries: has 14 public free schools for 
whites, 2 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 10 
Baptist and Methodist churches for negroes ; no manufactures except flour 
and lumber. 

Fort Gaines, the capital town, is situated on the Chattahoochee River, and 
is the terminus of a railroad and market town of county ; has 1,000 inhabit- 
ants— 600 white, 400 black; 174 private dwellings. 2 hotel.= 5 churches, 3 
schools with 110 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 16 grocery 
stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Colquitt— Population in 1870, 1,654—1,517 white, 137 black; 1 per cent, 
of county irreclaimable swamp, 66 per cent, sandy pine land, only 7 per 



M55] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 93 

land cleared ; % per cent, of farm laborers white; large and valuable depos- 
its of marl on Oolockonee River, which runs through cor.nty; has 13 public 
free schools, all for whites ; 15 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyte- 
rian 1 Episcopal ; no nianufiictures. 

Moullrie, the capital town, is 25 miles from a railroad, 35 miles from a 
navigable stream, 28 miles from Thomasville ; 38 miles from Albany, the 
market towns; has 27 inhabitants— all white, 5 private dwellings, no hotels 
or'churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store. 

CRAWFORD-Population, in 1870,7,557-3,284 white, 4,273 black ; nearly 
whole area reported tillable ; 70 per cent, clay soil, 40 per cent, cleared , 60 
per cent of farm laborers black ; considerable deposits of marl in southern 
portion of county, 5 n.iles from county site; has 22 public free schools for 
whites 8 for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, about 15 churches for 
blacks; water-powers excellent, and flour and lumbei- mills abundant; 3 
potteries employ H hands. 

Knoxvdle, the capital town, is 13 miles from Southwestern Railroad, 25 
miles from Macon, the market town and a navigable stream ; has 155 m- 
habitants-115 whit.-, 40 black ; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 
1 school with 20 pupils 4 stores of mixed merchandise, 1 drug store, 2 phy- 
sicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Decatur —Is the extreme southwestern county of the State, and bannei 
cotton county, her crop in 18G9-the last reported-being 19,G00 bales; pop- 
ulation in 1870, 15,183-7,475 white, 7,718 black; 1 per cent, of area ir- 
reHaimabie swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 50 per cent, clay 
soil, rest sandv with good clay subsoil and heavily timbered with pine ; 75 
per cert of form laborers black; large deposits of marl in the county, and 
limestone of good quality abundant ; has 37 public free schools for whites, 
21 for blacks: 15 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 Presbyteriati, 1 Episco- 
pal ; 1 large cotton factory (now suspended) ; flour and lumber mills abund- 

^\ainbridge, the capital town, is situated on the Flint river, 20 miles from 
its mouth • is the terminus of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 237 miles 
from Savannah ; has 2,000 inhabitants-1,200 white. 800 black, 300 private 
dwellings 2 hotels, churches, 1 bank, 3 schools with 125 scholars, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 12 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
13 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

DooLY.-Population in 1870, 9,790-4,935 white, 4,855 black; 2h per 
cent of area iriedaiiuable swamp, only 3i percent, clay soil, rest sandy, 
28 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; large 
deposits of marl convenient for agricultural purposes; has 37 public free 
schools for whites, 7 for blacks; 18 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Unr 
versalist ; corn, flour and lumber mills sufficient. 

Vienna, the capital town, is 22 miles from a railroad, 25 miles from a navi- 
gable stream, 25 miles from the market town; has 294 inhabitants— 175 
white, L19 black, 59 private residences, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 school with 
60 scholars. 4 dry-goods stores, 5 grocery stores. 3 physicians, 9 lawyers. 

DouGiiERTY.-Population in 1870,11,517-2,093 white, 9,424 black ; about 



94 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [156] 

10 percent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 40 per cent, clay soil of best quality, 
rest sandy with pine forest; 75 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 95 per cent, 
of farm laborers black ; large deposits of marl valuable for agricultural pur- 
poses, has 8 public free schools for whites, 25 for blacks, 1,G15 pupils, also 
private schools at county site ; Baptist churches 8, Methodist 3, Presbyterian 
1, Roman Catholic 1, Jewish synagogue 1. Dougherty ranks among the 
best planting counties of the State. 

Albany, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, at the head of navi- 
gation, and is the terminus of four railroads; is 104 miles from Macon, and 
the market town of a large district of surrounding country ; has 3,300 inhab- 
itants— 1,700 white, 1,G00 black, 270 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 8 churches, 
1 bank, 9 schools with 480 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, G7 stores of mixed 
merchandise, 7 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Early.— Population in 1870, 6,998—2,829 white, 4,172 black; 5 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp; 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 74 per 
cent, sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; extensive depos- 
its of marl of excellent quality and available for agricuUural purposes ; has 
25 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks ; 12 Baptist and 12 Methodist 
churches ; 1 cotton factory for spinning yarns with 40 operatives, flour and 
lumber mills sufficient; timber of best quality. 

Blakely, the capital town, is on a line of located railroad completed to a 
point only 9 miles distant, 9 miles from the Ciiattahoochee River, and is 
the market town of the county ; has 700 inhabitants — 400 wiiite, 300 black ; 
60 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 3 schools with 125 scholars, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3 
lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Houston.— Population in 1870, 20,406—5,071 white, 15,332 black ; 2 per 
cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent, of clay soil, 64 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black; a high limestone 
ridge, i mile to 2 miles wide, extending across county from theOcmulgee to 
the Flint Rivers contains immense beds of calcareous marl which has been 
used with good effect on lands; also, several deposits of green sand, very 
valuable as a fertilizer; 33 public free schools for whites, 27 for blacks; 20 Bap- 
tist churches, 25 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 5 Primitive Baptists, also Lu- 
theran and Bible Christian congregations; 1 cotton factory with 75 opera- 
tives near Perry ; large agricultural works at Fort Valley ; 1 cotton gin fac- 
tory, together with tiour and saw mills well distributed over country. 

Perry, the capital town, is the terminus of a branch railroad from the 
Southwestern Railroad at Fort Valley, 11 miles long, about midway (15 
miles) between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers ; 28 miles from Macon, the 
market town of county ; has 1,700 inhabitants— 1,000 white, 700 black; 80 
private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 10 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
9 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Fort Valley, on Southwestern Railroad, 25 miles from Macon, has 1,800 
inhabitants— 1,000 white, 800 black; 140 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 
churches, 7 schools with 175 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 1 bank, 13 dry 



[157] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. ^5 

goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 ph^^sicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Irwin— Population, in 1870, 1,837—1,541 white, 29G black ; about 15 per 
cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, only o per cent, of tillable land cieared,^ 
whole county sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of farm laborers white; has 13- 
public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist 
stock range excellent, and much attention is given to cattle and sheep. 

Irwinmlle, the capital town, is a small village, 20 miles from the Bruns- 
wick and Albany Kailroad, same distance from a navigable stream ; has 12 
inhabitants— G white, G black ; 2 private dwelling one of which is used as a 
hotel, no church, 1 school, with 13 pupils, 1 dry goods store. 

Lee— Population, in 1870, 9,5G7— 1,924 white, 7,643 black ; 90 per cent, of 
area sandy, with heavy pine forest growth, but very little irreclaimable 
swamp, about 50 per cent of the county cleared ; 95 per cent, of farm labor- 
ers black ; has one large deposit of marl, which has been used with good 
etiect in agriculture ; has 17 public free schools for whites, 12 for blacks ; 7 
Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; nomanulactures except flour 
and lumber. 

Leethurg, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 10 miles from 
Albany, the market town, 94 miles from Macon ; other details not reported. 

Lowndes— Population, in 1870, 8,321 — 4,276 white, 4,045 black , about 1 
per cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 95 per cent, sandy soil, 90 per cent, 
of farm laborers black ; has 16 public free sch jols for whites, 10 for blacks ;. 
18 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; no manufactures. 

Valdosta, the capital town, is situaied on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 
164 miles from Savannah, the market tov/n of the county ; has 2,000 inhab- 
itants — 1,200 white, 8U0 black ; 8 churches, 2 hotels, 2 schools with 185 pu- 
pils, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 
3 physicians, 6 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Macon— Population, in 1870, 11,458—3,975 white, 7,483 bl'ick ; 10 per 
cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, sandy soil, 52 per cent, 
cleared; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black; has 28 public free schools for 
whites, 17 for blacks ; 13 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Lutheran ; no 
uianul'actures except flour and lumber. 

Oglttko7-pe, the caijital town, is situated on Flint River, and on the line of 
Southwestern Railroad 50 miles .rorn Macon ; has 290 inhabitants — 150 
white. l-JkO blacky GO private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 
50 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3- 
lawyers. 

Montezuma, also on line of Southwestern Railroad and Flint River, 4& 
miles from Macon ; is a place of considerable trade; has 2 banks , 350 in- 
habitants— 200 white, 150 black ; 70 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 
2 schools with 55 pupils, 1 weekly news])aper, 8 dry goods stores, 4 grocery 
stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 4 lawyere. 

MarskalioiUe is also on line of Southwestern Railroad, 32 miles from Macon; 
has 400 inhabitants— 200 white, 250 black, 35 private dwellings, 3 schools with 
65 pupils, 3 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 2 
lawyers, 1 dentist. 



96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [158] 

Marion.— Population in 1870, 8,000—4,169 white, 3,831 black; 5 per cent, 
cent, of area too hilly for successful cultivation, 1 per cent, irreclaimable 
swamy, 50 per cent, clay, the remainder sandy soil, 75 per cent, of tillable 
land cleared, 78 percent, of farm laborers black ; marl exists in two consider- 
able deposits ; has 22 public free schools for whites, G for blacks ; 8 Methodist 
churclies, 5 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian ; flour and lumber are the manufac" 
tares of county. 

Buena Vista, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Muscogee Railroad, 80 
miles from Columbus, the market town of the county, 28 miles from South- 
western Railroad; has G50 inhabitants — 350 white, 300 black, 05 private 
dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 2 schools with 120 pupils, 1 weekly newspa- 
per, 4 dry-goods and mixed stores, 1 grocery store, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

MiLLEK— Population in 1870, 3,091—2,135 white, 95G black ; 5 per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, sandy pine land, 15 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers white ; has 14 public 
free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 7 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist; flour 
and lumber mills; timber large and of best quality; some beds of marl 
exist. 

Colquitt, the capital town, is 20 miles from Bainbridge (the market town) 
and Flint River, 20 miles from Chattahoochee River; the Bainbridge and 
Cuthbert Railroad graded to the town ; population IbO— white 110, black 20 ; 
22 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 
grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 

Mitchell.— Population in 1870, G,G33— 3,G83 white, 2,950 black ; 3 per cent, 
of area irreclainuible swamp, 80 per cent, sandy pine land, 33 per cent, 
cleared, remainder heavily timbered; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black; 
has 23 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; 9 Bnptist churches, G Meth- 
odist, 1 Presbyterian ; range for cattle and sheep unsurpassed. 

Camilla, the capital town, is on the Albany branch of the Atlantic and 
Gulf Railroad, 24 miles from Albany, the market town of the county, and 
36 miles from Bainbridge; has 1,000 inhabitants— GOO white, 400 black, 150 
private dwellings, 4 churches, 2 hotels, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly 
newspaper, 11 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 3 physicianw; 
8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Muscogee.— Population in 1870, 16,663- 7^441 white, 9,220 black; i of 
one per cent, too hilly for successful tillage; no irreclaimable swamp, 49 
per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy ; 85 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 
marl abundant on Chattahoochee River in the southw^estern part of the 
county ; has 14 free public schools for whites, and 12 for blades outside city 
of Columbus; 10 Baptist churches, 17 Methodist. 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Roman Catholic ; 6 large cotton factories. 1 bagging factory, 1 trunk 
factory, 1 clothing factory, several large merchant flour mills, and lumber 
and corn mills. 

Coluy)ihus^ the capital town, is situated at the head of navig tion on the 
Chattahoochee River, and is the terminus of 4 ralroads ; has about 10,000 
inhabitants— 5,500 white, 4,500 black; 1,000 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 4 
banks, 12 schools with about 1,500 pupils, 2 daily newspapers, 25 dry goods 



[159] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 97 



stores, 125 grocery and variety stores, 5 dru^ stores, 15 physicians, 24 law- 
yers, 5 dentists. 

The principal manufacturing establishments of the city are as follows : 

Eagle and Phosnix Manufacturing Company, manufactures woollen and 
cotton goods; has 43,812 spindles, 1,600 looms, 1,800 operatives; capital 
$1,250,000— power, water. 

Columbus Manufacturing Company — sheetings and brown domestics ; 
4,156 spindles, 116 looms, 135 operatives; capital $263,000— power, water. 

Muscogee Manufacturing Company— cottonades, rope and domestics ; 
4,000 spindles, 80 looms, 130 operatives ; capital $157,000— power, water. 

A. Clegg & Co. — checks and stripes ; 36 looms, 25 operatives ; capital 
$10,000— power, steam. 

Steam Cotton Mills —yarns and thread ; 2,200 spindles , 75 operatives ; 
capital $30,000— power, steam. 

Hind & Freer- jute bagging ; 15 looms, 50 operatives ; capital $30,000 — 
power, steam. 

anpire Flour Mills— flour and meal ; 6 Buhr runners ; capacity, 250 bar- 
rels flour, 1,200 bushels meal per day ; 15 operatives; capital $50,000— power, 
steam. 

City Mills— flour and meal ; capacity, 150 barrels flour, 800 bushels meal 
per day ; 8 operatives ; capital $95,000 — power, water. 

Columbus Iron Works— engines, boilers, castings and machinery ; 2.50 
operatives ; capital $100,000— power, steam. 

Peacock's Clothing Factory ; 25 operatives ; capital $5,000. 

Southern Plough Company— ploughs, etc. ; employs 18 hands ; capital 
$20,000— power, steam. 

Quitman— Population, in 1870, 4,150—1,773 white, 2,337 black ; about i 
of 1 per cent., of area irreclaimable swamp, 38 per cent, clay soil, remainder 
sandy, 64 per cent;' of tillable land cleared, 78 percent, of farm laborers 
black ; blue marl of excellent quality abounds on the water courses, also a 
black muck, both valuable as fertilizers ; has 7 public free schools for whites, 
4 for blacks ; 7 Baptist churches, 7 Methodist ; flour and lumber are the only 
manufactures. 

Georgetown, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad and Chat- 
tahoochee River, two miles from Eufaula, Ala., the market town of the 
county ; has 350 inhabitants — 150 white, 200 black , 40 private dwellings, 1 
hotel, I bank, 3 churches, 3 schools with 100 pupils, 5 dry goods stores, 7 
grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physician, 4 lawyers. 

Randolph. — Population in 1870, 10,561 — 5,084 white, 5,477 black ; 8 per 
cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 60 per cent, clay soil, 60 per cent, ot till- 
able land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; several deposits of 
marl exist ; has 27 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks, 4 Baptist 
churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Primitive Baptist. 

Cuihbert. the capital town is on the Southwestern Railroad, 20 miles from 
the Chattahoochee River ; has 3,000 inhabitants — 2,000 white, 1,000 black • 
625 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 6 churches, 6 schools with 250 pu- 
pils, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry -goods stores ; 8 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 
6 physician, 10 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
7 



98 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [160] 

Schley.— Population in 1870, 5,129—2,278 white, 2,851 black ; J of one per 
cent, too billy fof successful tillage, same quantity irreclaimable swamp, GO 
per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy, 72 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 63 
per cent, of farm laborers black ; marl beds in northern part of the county ; 
has 11 public fi'ce schools for whites. 9 for blacks; 6 Methodist churches, 5 
Baptist, 1 Universalist, flour and lumbfir are the manufactures. 

Ellaville, the capital town, is 11 miles from Southwestern Railroad, and 
froni Americus, the market town of the county, 40 miles from the head of 
navigation on Flint River; has 132 inhabitants— 87 white, 45 black, 20 pri- 
vate dwellings, 2 churches, 2 schools with 40 pupils, 1 hotel, 1 dry-goods 
store, 3 grocery stores, 1 drtig store, 2 physicians, 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Stewart.— Population in 1870, 14,204—5,104 white, 9,100 black; 2i per 
cent, of area too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable 
swamp, 28 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; has large marl 
deposits, and two beds of green sand; 27 public free schools for whites, 19 
for blacks; 11 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Primitive 
Baptist, 1 Bible Christian ; 1 carriage factory, and flour and lumber mills. 

Lumpkin, the capital town, is 22 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 
15 miles from the Chattahoochee River, 25 from Eufaula, Ala., 36 from 
Columbus, and 22 from Cuthbert, all of which are market towns of the 
county ; has 800 inhabitants— 400 white, 400 black ; 150 private residences, 
1 hotel, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 churches, 1 school with 50 pupils, 3 dry 
goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Sumter.— Population in 1870, 16,559—5,920 white, 10.639 black; 3 per 
cent, of area irreclaimable s\Tamp, 27 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy 
with original forest of pine ; 40 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 82 percent, 
of farm ""laborefs black; large deposits of mari on Flint River and Line 
Creek- has 31 public free schools for whites, 19 for blacks; 12 Baptist 
churcl'ies, 11 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 5 Primitive Baptist, 
30 churches for blacks; 1 boot and shoe factory 20 operatives; 1 door, sash 
and blind factory, 15 operative; several carriage factories, and Hour and 
lumber mills. 

Americus, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, and is the 
market town of the county; is 72 miles from Macon, 40 miles from a navi- 
gable stream ; has 6.000 inhabitants— 3,000 white, 3,000 black, 700 private 
dwellings, 2 hotels, 3 banks, 7 churches, 10 schools with 200 pupils, 1 tri- 
weekly and weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 21 grocery stores, 4 drug 
Mores, 11 physicians, 21 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Taylor— Population, in 1870, 7,143—4,181 white, 2,962 olack; i per cent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, soil all sandy with yell.w pine and blackjack 
forest growth, 10 percent, of tillable land cleared; 50 per cent, of farm la- 
borers white ; has 24 public free schools fur whites, 7 fur blacks ; 8 Baptist 
churches, .13 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 1 cotton factory with wool-carding 
machine attached, 50 operatives. 

Butler, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 50 miles from 
Macon, same distance from Columbus; is the principal market town of the 
county; has 700 inhabitants— 500 white, 200 black; 150 private dwellings, 



[161] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 99 



1 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 5 dry goods stores, 3 grocery 
stores, 1 drug store. 2 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Terrell— Population, in 1870, 9,053—3,769 white, 5,284 black ; 4 percent 
of area irreclaimable swamp, soil half clay, half sandy, 32^ per cent, of tilla- 
ble land cleared, 80 per cent, of farm laborers black ; limestone abuntLant 
and used by planters with good effect ; has 28 public free schools for whites, 
8 for blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, I Presbyterian; 1 railroad 
car factory with 100 hands, wagon and barrel factories and tiour and lumber 
mills. 

Baicson, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 40 mile.s from 
Eufaula, Ala., and is the market town for most of the county products; has 
1,150 inliabitants — 750 white, 400 black ; 200 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 
banks, 4 churches, 6 schools with 225 pupils. 1 weekly newspaper^ 11 dry 
goods stores, 9 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 2 hardware stores, 6 physicians, 
7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 

Thomas— Population in 1870^ 14,523— G,1G0 white, 8, 3G3 black; about 2 
per cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, clay soil, 33 per cent, of 
tillable land cleared ; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; several lime de- 
posits that miglit be utilized for agricultural purposes; has 33 free public 
schools tor vv'hites, 19 for blacks; 13 Baptist churciies, 14 Methodist, 3 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal; 1 cigar factory, 1 iron foundry, many lumber and 
flour mills; is one of the most productive and prosperous counties of the 
State. 

Thomasville, the capital town, is on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 200 
miles from Savannah, 37 from Bainbridge, and GO from Albany, and is the 
market town of Thomas and adjoining counties; has about 3,500 inhabit- 
ants— 2,333 white, 1,167 black ; about 600 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 
banks, 6 churches, 4 schools, 2 weekly newspapers, about 60 stores of mixed 
merchandise, 3 drtig stores, 7 physicians, 17 lawyers, 2 dentists. 

Webster— Population in 1870. 4,677—2,439 white, 2,238 bkck ; 4 per cent, 
of its area irreclaimable swamp, 26 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy soil 
with red and yellow clay subsoil; 60 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 58 
per cent of farm laborers black ; has 15 public free schools for whites, 4 for 
blacks; 5 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Primitive Bap- 
tist ; tanneries, shoe shops, flour and lumber mills constitute the manufac- 
turing interests. 

Freaton, the capital town, is 18 miles from Southwestern railroad and 
Americus, the market town; 40 miles from the Chattahoochee River ; has 131 
inhal)itants— 72 white. 59 black; 24 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 
schoijl with 18 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 physician, 2 
lawyers, 

Wilcox— Population in 1870, 2,439—1,902 white, 537 black ; 2\ per cent. 
of its area too broken for successful cultivation, 8 per cent, irreclaimable 
swanjp, 25 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy pine land, 15 per cent of til- 
lable land cleared; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white ; has 18 public free 
schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 10 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist; no jnan- 
ufactures except flour and lumber. 

Abhtville, the capital town, is on theOcmulgee River, 18 miles from Macon 



100 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. 



[162] 



and Brunswick Railroad, 25 miles from Hawkinsville, the market town ; 
has 75 inhabitants— 50 white, 25 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 
churches, 1 school with 25 scholars, 3 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 
drug store, 1 physician, 1 lawyer, 1 dentist. 

Worth.— Population in 1870, 3,778— 2,673 white, 1,105 black; li percent, 
of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent clay soil— remainder sandy with 
original pine forest, 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 58 per cent, of farm 
laborers white; extensive deposits of marl; has 24 public free schools for 
whites, 3 for blacks ; 12 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist ; naval stores— tur- 
pentine and rosin — the chief manufacures, flour and lumber mills equal 
to the demand. 

Isabella, the capital town, is 2i miles from the Brunswick and Albany 
Railroad, 18 miles from Flint River and Albany, the market town; has 
115 inhabitants— 100 white, 15 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 church, 1 
hotel, 1 school with 25 pupils, 1 dry-goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician} 
3 lawyers. 



VALUABLE MINERALS. 



Georgia is rich in mineral wealth, and theseriches have been but partially 
explored. Almost every county has some valuable mineral deposit. The 
following list, showing the counties in which they are found, is furnished 
by Dr. George Little, the State Geologist. It is, therefore, official and re- 
liable : 

Gold— is found in the following counties, viz : 



Banks, Douglas, Hall, Meriwether, 

Bartow, Elbert, Haralson, Milton, 

Bibb, Fannin, Harris, Monroe, 

Butts, Forsyth, Hart, Morgan, 

Campbell, Franklin, Heard, Murray, 

Carroll, Fulton, Jackson,. Newton, 

Cherokee, Gilmer, Jasper, Oconee, 

Clarke, Glascock, Lincoln, Oglethorpe, 

Cobb, Greene, Lumpkin, Paulding, 

Coweta, Gwinnett, Madison, Pike, 

Dawson, Habersham, McDuffie, Putnam, 
DeKalb, 

Copper— is found in the following counties : 

Carroll, Fannin, Haralson, Milton, 

Cherokee, Fulton, Lincoln, Murray, 

Cobb, Greene, Lumpkin, 

Manganese— is found in the following counties : 

Bartow, Lincoln, Polk, 

AsBESTUS— is found in the following counties : 

Bartow, Douglas, Hall, Paulding, 

Coweta, Fulton, Heard, Rabun, 

DeKalb, Habersham 



Rabun, 

Rockdale, 

Spalding, 

Taliaferro, 

Towns, 

Troup, 

Union, 

Upson, 

Walton, 

White, 

Wilkes. 



Paulding, 
Towns. 



Towns. 

Towns, 
Troup. 



[163] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 



101 



Slate— is found in fne fol 


lowing counties 






Bartow, 




Gordon, 




Polk. 


Iro]s- — is found in the following counties : 






Banks, 


Dade, 


Habersham, 


Milton (mag- 


Troup, 


Bartow, 


DeKalb, 


Hall, 


netic). 


Upson, 


Burke, 


Elbert, 


Haralson, 


Monroe, 


Walker, 


Catoosa (red 


Fannin, 


Harris, 


Oconee, 


Walton, 


and brown 


Floyd (red 


Hart, 


Pike, 


Warren, 


hematite), 


and brown 


Jackson, 


Polk, 


Webster, 


Carroll, 


hematite), 


Jasper, 


Putnam, 


White, 


Chattooga, 


Gilmer, 


Lumpkin, 


Spalding, 


Whitefie]d(red 


Cherokee, 


Gordon, 


McDuffie, 


Stewart, 


and brown 


Cobb, 


Greene, 


Meriwether, 


Talbot, 


hematite). 



Mica — is found in the following counties 
Carroll, Hall, Jasper, 

Cherokee, 



Pickens 



Towns. 



Diamonds, Precious 
counties : 

Berrien, Chalcedony, 
Bullock, Opal, 
Carroll, Corundum, 
Cobb, Amethyst, 
DeKalb, Tourmaline, 
Douglas, Corundum, 
Forsyth, Amethyst, 
Franklin, Tourmaline, 
Fulton, Tourmaline, 
Gwinnett f Sm'ky Qu'rtz, 
I Tourmaline, 



Stones, Gems, etc., are found in the following 



Hall, Diamond, 
Henry, Tourmaline, 
Lincoln, Rutile, 
Lowndes, Chalcedony, 
Madison, Tourmaline, 
Meriwether, Beryl, 
Newton, Beryl, 
Oconee f Tourmaline, 

iBeiyl. 
Oglethorpe, Amethyst, 



Pickens, Ametiiyst, 
Rabun f Corundum, 

1 Amethyst, 
Towns I Corundum, 

( Ruby, 
Troup, Tourmaline, 
Union, Corundum, 
Upson, Tourmaline, 
Washington, Opal, 
White, Diamond. 



Galena — is found in the following counties : 

Catoosa, Habersham, Lincoln, Union. 

Floyd, Hall, Murray, 

Silver is found in the following counties, and perhaps in some othersi 
though it is not known that it exists in paying quantities: 
Hall, Murray. Union. 

Graphite— is found in — 

Carroll, Clarke, 

Cherokee, Douglas, 

Kaolin — is found in — 
Cherokee, Columbia, 

Fire Clay— is found in — 
Baldwin, McDutfie, Richmond. 

Limestone— is found in the following counties : where it exists in the 
form of calcite, it is so designated : 



Elbert, Hart, 

Habersham, Heard, 



Pickens, 



Meriwether. 



Richmond. 



102 


DEPARTMENT 


OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. L-^o4| 


I'.aker, 


Dade(calcite), 


, Gwinnett, 


Lee, 


Sumter, 


liartow, 


Decatur, 


Habersham, 


Lowndes, 


Thomas, 


];rooks, 


Dooly, 


Hall, 


Mitchell, 


Twiggs (cal.), 


< alhoun, 


Dougherty, 


Houston, 


Macon, 


Walker (cal.), 


< 'atoosa, 


Floyd, 


Irwin, 


Polk, 


Wilcox, 


< haitooga, 


Gordon, 


Jefferson(cal.),Bandolpli(cal),Whitefield(cal.) 


< lay, 










BUHRSTONE— is fouTid in — 








Appling, 


Decatur, 


Laurens, 


Randolph, 


Terrell, 


] Jaker, 


Dooly, 


Lee, 


Screven, 


Twiggs, 


IWbb, 


Dougherty, 


Miller, 


Sumter, 


Webster, 


IJalloch, 


Early, 


Pulaski, 


Tatnall, 


Wilkinson, 


JUirke, 


Jefferson, 


Quitman, 


Telfair, 


Worth. 


< 'olquitt, 


Johnson, 








Marl— is 


found in — 








I5ibb, 


Clay, 


Emanuel, 


Pulaski, 


Sumter, 


]'.ulloch, 


Crawford, 


Houston, 


Quitman, 


Thomas, 


V.urke, 


Dodge, 


Jefferson, 


Richmond, 


Twiggs, 


Charlton, 


Dougherty, 


Laurens, 


Schley, 


Washington, 


('hatham, 


Early, 


Marion, 


Screven, 


Wilkinson. 


( 'hattahoochee,Effingham, 


Muscogee, 


Stewart, 




Gree:: Sand— is found in- 


- 






]rouston, 


Stewart, 


Wilkinson, 


Twiggs. 


Marble- 


-is found in — 








< 'atoosa, 


Fannin, 


Gilmer, 


Haralson , 


Walker, 


( 'hattooga, 


Floyd, 


(white and va- 
riegated. ) 


- Pickens, 


(black marble.) 
Whitefield. 


Coal — is 


found in— 








vJliattoga, 




Dade, 




Walker. 


Baryta- 


-is found in— 








Bartow, 


Murray. 






Serpenti 


NE — is found in— 








Fulton, 


Rabun, 


Taylor, 


Troup, 


Union. 


(■rwinnett, 


Talbot, 


Towns, 






Soapstone— is found in — 









Baldwin, 
]5artow, 
( 'lay ton, 
( :obb, 
K Joweta 

Granite- 
Baldwin, 
Jiutts, 
Campbell, 
( 'arroll, 
Clarke, 
Clayton, 



Delvalb, 
Douglas, 
Elbert, 
Fannin, 
Fayette, 
-is found in — 
Crawford, 
Dawson, 
DeKalb, 
Douglas, 
Elbert, 
Fayette, 



Fulton. 

Gilmer, 

Gwinnett, 

Habersham, 

Hall, 

Gwinnett, 

Habersham, 

Hall, 

Hancock, 

Harris, 

Hart, 



Heard, 
Morgan , 
Murray, 
Paulding, 



Jones, 

Madison, 

Meriwether, 

Monroe, 

Muscogee, 

Oglethorpe, 



Towns, 
Troup, 
Union, 
White. 



Rockdale, 

Spalding, 

Talbot, 

Taliaferro, 

Troup, 

Upson, 



[165] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 103 

Cobb, Fulton, Heard, Pike, Walton, 

Columbia, Glascock, Henry, Putnam, Warren, 

Coweta, Greene, Jasper. Piichniond, Wilkes. 

Granite is found in a number of counties not named in this list. In the 
above named it can be quarried and used for building purposes. 

Sandstone— is found in — 
Bartow, Chattooga, Floyd, Houston, Walker. 

Catoosa, Dade, Gordon, Jefferson, 

Flexible Sandstone — usually regarded as the matrix of the diamond — 
is fou.xl in Hall, Harris. Heard, Meriwether. 

LiTiioGRAPHtc Stone is found in Walker. 

Polishing Sandstone is found in Bartow, Murray, Whitfield. 

Ferruginous Sandstone is found in Berrien, Washington. 

Silicified Coral is found in Berrien, Lowndes, Screven, Thomas. 

StauroliteIs found in Fannin— also in a few other counties. 

Chlorite is found in Troup. 

Kyanite is found in Carroll, Cherokee, Habersham, Lincoln. 

Novaculite. is found in Lincoln, McDuffie, Oglethorpe. 

Pyrophyllite is found in Lincoln. 

Pstrite is found in Carroll, Cherokee. Fulton, Haralson, Paulding, Lump- 
kin, Towns. 

Ar-.enical Pyrites is found in Floyd, Gwinnett. Heard. 

Lazijlite is found in Lincoln. 

Muck, for agricultural purposes, is found in Charlton, Clinch, Ware. 

Tetradymite is found in Lumpkin, Paulding. 

Wavellite is found in Polk. 

The counties of Bryan, Camden, Coffee, Echols, Glynn, Liberty, Mont- 
gomery, Pierce and Wayne have not yet been examined by the State Geol- 
ogist. 



FISH AXD GAME. 

Georgia, extending, as it does, from the Atlantic Ocean to Ten 
nessee, having niore than 100 miles of ocean coast, and a multitude of 
rivers, some flowing into the Atlantic and others into the Gulf of 3[ex- 
ico, affords ample field for fish in great variety. Salt water fish are 
supplied throughout the year to the interior towns, at reasonable prices. 
Oysters and other edible shell fish are also supplied in abundance from 
the coast during the proper season. 

The interior streams furnish migratoiy fLsh in spring, and fresh wa- 
ter varieties in limited quantity throughout the year. But little has yet 



104 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [166] 

been done towards restocking the rivers of the State with food fish, but 
the public mind is being directed to this point, and the necessary laws 
will probably soon be enacted. 

C-ame in great variety is found in those portions of the State in which 
a large part of the forest remains. The principal are qi^ail, duck, 
wood-cock, pheasant, wild turkey, squirrel, hare, opossum and deer. 

There are no general laws of force in the State for the protection of 
game, and though some have been enacted for the protection of fish, 
they are practically inoperative. 



INDEX. 



Abbeville 99 

Acres — Number of, in Georgia 4, 5 

Adairsville 63? 

Agriculture — Department of 51 

Agriculture — Conducted by Slave Labor 27 

Agricultural College and School 35 

Agricultural Organizations and Societies 49, 50 

Agricultural Productions 9, 10, 11, 12, 56, QQ^ 61, 78, 84 

Agricultural Productions— Yield per Acre 56, 6G, 78, 84, 89, 90 

Albany 94 

Aliens — Rights and Exemptions of .47, 48 

Alpharetta ' 60 

Americus , ! .98 

Appling.' 69' 

Appling County .- 85 

Atlanta 71 

Atlanta University — (See Errata . ) , 3& 

Atlantic Slope & 

Athens 69- 

Asbestus — (See Cob.b> Douglas, Habersham, Hai*l, Paulding, 
Troup and Rabun Counties, and VALUABiiE Minerals.) 

Augusta 83' 

Augusta Canal 31 

B 

Baker County 91 

Baldwin County ...» 67 

Banks County 57 

Baptist Church— (See the several comities.). 38 

Baptist College and Schools 35, 36' 

Bartow County 62 

Barnesville 75- 

Baryta— (See Vai>uable Minerals.) 

Bainbridge 93- 

Baxley 85 

Benevolent Societies 40 



106 DEPARTMENT OV AGRICVLTVWE — -GEORGIA. [168] 

Berrien County 91 

Beryl — (See Valuable Minerals ) 

Bibb County 91 

Bill of Rights 44, 45 

Black Lead — (See Valuable Minerals.) 

Blacksbear .' . . . .88 

Blakely 94 

Blairsville 61 

Blind-Academy for .36, 37, 39, 40 

Brooks County.. 93 

Brunswick 88 

Bryan County 86 

Buchanan 64 

Buhr Stone— (See Valuable Minerals ) 23, 79, 80 

Buena Vista 96 

Bulloch County 79 

Burke County. 79 

Butler 98 

Butts County 67 



Calhoun .64 

Calhoun County 92 

Camden County 86 

Camilla 96 

Campbell County 68 

Campbellton 68 

Canals .30, 31 

Cxanal— Great Western .4, 31, 32 

Canal— Hand, for Mining Purposes 20, 21 

Canton ..... 63 

Carroll County 68 

Carrollton 68 

Carnesville 58 

Cartersvillo 62 

Catoosa County <?2 

Catholic Churc}i~(See the several counties.) 39 

Catholic College 36 

Cave Spring 64 

Cedar Town 65 

Cement, Hydraulic 24, 28 

Chatham County 86 

Chattahoochee County 92 

Chattahoochee Ridge 6 

Cliaritable Institutions 39, 40 



[169] 



MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 107 



Charlton County H(i 

CluittoogM County 02 

Cherokee County 62 

Chirke County 68 

Chirkesville 58 

Clay 24 

Clay County 92 

Clayton 60 

Clayton County 69 

Climate -(See Ekrata.). 7, 8, 50, 79, 85, 90 

Clinch County 87 

Clinton 73 

Cleveland Gl 

Clover Dale 63 

Coal— (See Chattooga,Dade and Walker Counties.) ?, 31, 22, 01, 62, 63 

Cobb Count}' 02 

Coffee County 87 

Colleges 35, 36 

Columbia Count}' C9 

Columbus 96 

Colquitt 96 

Colquitt County 92 

Commercial Situation of Georgia 3 

Congregationalists 39 

Consumption 34 

Cony ers 76 

Copper — (8ee Dawson, Fannix, Forsyth, Gilmer, Hall, Hart, 
jAcksoN, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun Towns, Union, Ciifcrokee, 
Cobb, Haralson, Paulding, Carroll, Douglas, Stewart, 
Lincoln, McDuffie, Monroe, Oglethorpe and Wilkes Coun- 
ties; see, also. Valuable Minerals ) 22, 62, 63, 64 

Corundum — (See Valuable Minerals.) 

Cotton 10, 11 

Cotton Crop of Georgia 11 

Cotton Port — (See Savannah.) 

Cotton Factories.... 27, 28, 63, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 70, 77, 82 

91, 97 

Cotton, Sea Island 84 

County Courts 43 

County Officers 44 

County Agricultural Societies and Fairs 50 

County Statistics — ('^ee the several Counties.). 

Country — Face of the 5 

Courts of Justice 42, 43 

Covington 74 

Coweta County.. 69 



108 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [170] 

Crawford County , 93 

Crawfordville 76 

Gumming 57 

Cusseta 92 

Cuthbert 97 

D 

Dade County 63 

DaWonega. • 57 

Dallas 65 

Dalton 65 

Danielsville • 60 

Darien 88 

Dawson 99 

Dawson County 57 

Dawsonville 57 

Deaf and Dumb Institute 36, 37, 39, 40, 64 

Debt of State, Cities and Counties— Constitutional limit on 46 

Decatur 69 

Decatur County 93 

DeKalb County 69 

Dentist— (See the several Cities and Towns.) 

Department of Agriculture 51 

Diamonds— (See Valuable Minerals.) 

Distilleries for Turpentine 16, 80 

Divisions of Georgia— Sectional 5, 55, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89 

Divorces 45 

Doctors— (See the several Cities and Towns.) 

Dodge County 80 

Dooly County ^^ 

Dougherty County 93 

Douglas County 70 

Douglasville 70 

Dublin 81 

E 

Early County 94 

East Georgia. , • • • 78 

Eastman 80 

Eatonton 75 

Echols County 87 

Eden 86 

Education 35 



Ll*^!] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 109 

Effingham County grj, 

Elberton «j 

Elbert County «q 

^^^^'^tions G, 34*55', G7,' 78, '84 

Ellaville gg 

Ei^w v*../*'.v.v.v* *.'.*;; ;;;;;;;:;;:;:58 

Emanuel County qq 

Emory College og 

Episcopal Church _ gg 

^""'^^^ Facing page 1 

Exemptions from Levy and Sale 44 



Face of the Country 5 jq 

Fairburn 68 

Fairs— Agricultural *.'.*.'.*.*.* 49* 50 

Fannin County ' ^ly 

Farming with Slave Labor .27 

Farm Stock— Price of V.'.V.*.'.V.*56 57 

Farm Laborers— White and Black— (See the several Counties.). . .56,' 57 

Fayette County ' ^q 

Fayetteville ^ ,^q 

Female Colleges— (See Errata.) ...SQ 

Fertilizer Manufactories 2g g2 86 

Fish and Game ' '^qo 

Floyd County go 

Forest Growth and Forest Trees 56, 6G, 78,* 84* 8*9 90 

Forsyth .,.........'...' 74 

Forsyth County \^ ' * ' ^^ 

Fort Gaines 00 

Fort Valley .V. . *.'.'.'.*.*.*.*.*.'.*. ',*.".'.*.'.' '.'.*. '. [ .* .'.'.'..'. [ ^94 

Franklin -,« 

Fi-anklin County * g^^ 

Free-Masons 

Z^^^^^ 10, 13, 56, G7, 78,85,90 

Fruits— Shipping ^2 

Fulton County ' ^ ;,q 

G 

Gainesville • gn 

^^^^ ^^'".V'***^^'.'!***!*.'*^* '.'79,' 103 

Gems— (See Valuable Minerals.) 23 

Geneva «« 



110 l^KPARTMKNT OK AUUICULTURK — QKOK^;i.\. [l^'-^'j 

UtHiU^k'iU l^urvey., «««««»«%««%%««%«%»%%%*«««%«. ft\J 

i^eorgisv— ComuvoiH^UU and QoogTav^lciiU Situation , , , , , ,a 

Uoovsiia— Cnp{uii>' for l\\pul{Uiou , , , , , ,< dd 

l}ev>r>*i«— Oompajvii ioMid\iji\uu ?\s to Hoaiih «Uil Vital ^^tat^st^l'^^. .^4 
liooi\)iiu ?^ml— CaiUoit> umlcr Hl>ihl^\Utvnv V>, l>5. 14. 15, ,V\. tt? 

Ueorgia— OoYonvmoni ot r>Mo it» 

Ueor^iia State .V^TunxMuvrtl 8oeiet\ WK t\0 

Ueorvfia— Soo»ionaU)i\iHio«^ 'if , 5. 55. (>1 fni VS v^4, S'v) 

Georgia Static HortUnUtural Jr^oeiety » .50 

Utovijia i^tate Oraiv^v ,»» x» ,,,,,»,,,,.,,, ,\ 50 

Ucv^ygia - TorritiM ial Kxtent of ,,,,,,»,,, , ,,»»,,»,»,»»,,»»%,,»,,,, 4 
Ooovgians— Ohrtvaolemtioji of ^2. Sa 
Ueorgt^towu JtT 

u»i»so« »»»»,»,, aa 

ifUmov V ouwtN 58 

Ghnn Couutv . SS 

Glaseook Co\m'.,\ SO 

Unetss ^ ^ ««,,,,«««,«,,, «,.,*«%%«« >...«,.,««.,, x«,, 23 

Gold anvl GoMMh\ii\sr—(Sn»BA«TowvOA\tROU., Cpkwokkr. Cobb, 
CowKiA, Oawson, DkKalb. Dovulas, Ki,BKin\ Fannin, Fob- 

SYTH, FlM.'lXiN, GH.MKK, GAYINNKTT, llAUHiSUAM, llAl.t, 11aUI\ 

II.\kai.};on,11kaki\ HKNViV, Jackson. Linooia\ Lvxumun, Maim 

SON, MoDl'FKlK. MKUlWKrUKK. MUUUAY, MOKOAN, >Jk\YToN, 
OOI.KTUOUPK, FaIU.PINO, PlOKKNS. l^VV.VN. ToWNS, UnioN, Lv- 

so>s, AVakukn. WuiTK auvl NVu.KKs (.'owntios; soe, also. Vam 

Aiuji MiNKUAi.s.) i:. IS. n\ 00. 01 

Golil — Mills for orushin^if onv . . Ov^ 

Gt»oO Templai^ — Oi'dor of 44 

iionlon i. oui\lY 04 

GoYornor .. . 4\) 

Goverumont of Georgia 4i3 to 40 

Graniti* — (Sw Vauvaulk MiNKKAi.s.). . 0;5 

Grange— Georgia State 50 

Grapes 1-. 70 

Graphite — (See V ai.vaui.i: Minjk ai s "> 0:>, 50. 00, 70 

Grasses ami Grazing 70. 01 

G»val Western Canal 4, ;> I . ;l".i 

Givene *. ounty , ,,,»,,.. 71 

Green Sand— (Skk Vat.vablk ^Minkuals.) 04 

Greenesboro 71 

GroenYilli 7ti 

Grilttn 70 

GNvinnelt i\)nniv . . 5S 



[17^3 MANUAL OF GKOkGlA. Ill 

H 

II '^,-...-j v< 

W . TM 

\i.M..>-->i. , n 

llam^Ak. iUmuiy, »»,»,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,„,,,, ,,,, ,... 71 

Haf4<l \'Mt*tWitii'ntitf^v^,,0„,,,, ,,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,. 51 

liniii\*:*fn Ci/iihty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, . (A 

llHr\*<fr* , 7 

Hart 0/tj«t . r/A 

li^r.^.r.^ rA 

ir 'VlmtiiA atH, ti7, 7H, *Mf 

liyi-„r.,'..uH: Hi 

lh-4MU ZZ. 7A, *Mi 

W^T'i (Umniy, . 72 

li,:hrf^'H .,,,,.. , '<94 

li r 72 

H : -Capadt r <jf ff<:or^ iMl, VnA<fr 15. \Z^ U, 15 

liiyf'4>i^^'ji ,. ,,*,,,,,. W 

My<\r'dKi\U'J>.:ij- .24,^ 

Mi/'j[^ Hmuuh. 51 

lU/mer ..,57 

iiffnenfMU H7 

H ' . 44 

H i^w, aav^nA CUiea awl Towwt } 

U ety—Owrgia fHaUi .,. 7> 

ii M 

r 

i .-iX''!jr';^'l fy; U;C i'';0>:(; 'A h*^n-^iA '71, '7-',, -S*), »>i, 7S^ 

I: ■• \ I 

V .«, «1, (J2, ^, VA, tiT, 

li 1^, *'^'.. Vh 

Irvrtn O^ou 1^^ 

hrw'mum,, . iA 

Inri/jvjJIe. ,,,,,., ,,,,,e» -**##«#.. 1*5 

bifi»U;lU .,.,,, ,,,^,.,.,,,,.. irx> 

liWa^diU*,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,,„,,,,,,,,,. VA 



A'^^uam i>9WAj 0,,00,,0,.,,,0,0,,,,,,,0,,,,„,,^,.,,. T!f& 



112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — 'GEORGIA. [174] 

Jasper 60 

Jasper County 72 

Jefferson , 50 

Jefferson County 80 

Jeffersonville , > . . . ., 83 

Jesup » 89 

Jews 39 

Johnson County , 81 

Jonesboro ,....., — , , 69 

Jones County 72 

Judiciary , >, 43 

Justices of the Peace ,43 

Jurors ,,..., , 45 

K 

Kaolin— (See Valuable Minerals.) ... , 24, 78 

Kingston, , 63 

Knights of Honor 41 

Knights of Pythias , 41 

Knoxville ...93 

L 

Labor— Slave 27 

Labor— White and Black— (See the several Counties.). .56, 67, 79, 84, 90 

Laborers— Farm, Wages of 56, 67, 79, 90 

LaFayette , 65 

LaGrange 76 

Land Cleared — (See the several Counties.) 

Land— per cent, of tillable— (See the several Counties.) 

Land— Price, of .56, 67, 79, 85, 91 

Land — Too Mountainous for Culture— (See the several counties.) 

Land Titles 45, 46 

Land — Swampy — (See the sev>eral -Counties.) 

Latitude of Greorgia. .7, 8 

Laurens County 81 

Law School > 35 

Lawrenceville 58 

Lawyers — (See the several Counties.) 

Lead— (See Murray County; see, also, Valuable Minerals.) 66, 73, 78 

Lee County 95 

Leesburg , 95 

Legislature 41 

Lexington 75 



[175] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 113 

Liberty County 88 

Liens 40 

Limestone— (See Bartow, Fannin, Gilmer, Polk, Walker, and 

Whitefleld Counties; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 24, 66 

Lincoln County 73 

Lincolnton 73 

Lowndes County 95 

Louisville 80 

Lumber — (See the several Counties. ) 88, 90 

Lumpkin 98 

Lumpkin County 59 

Lunatic Asylum 40 

Lutherans. 39 

M 

Macon 91 

Macon County 95 

Madison 79 

Madison County 59 

Malaria 33,34 

Malta — Sons of 41 

Manufactures — Advantages for over Eastern States 27 

Manufactures— (See Augusta Canal, Richmond County, and Co- 
lumbus.) 27,28 

Manufacturing Establishments 63, 71 

Manganese— (See Bartow, Carroll, Hall, Lincoln, and Polk 

Counties; also. Valuable Minerals.) 61, 62, 65 

Marble — (See Fannin, Floyd, Gilmer, Pickens, Polk and 

Walker Counties; also. Valuable Minerals.) 23, 63, 65 

Marls— (See the several counties in East Georgia, Southeast Geor- 
gia and Southwest Georgia; also, Valuable Minerals.) .24, 81, 85 

90, 94, 96, 97, 98 

Marietta . . ... ,63 

Marion County 90 

Marshallville 95 

Masons 41 

McDouough 72 

McDuffie County 78 

Mcintosh County 88 

McRae 83 

Mechanics' Liens 46 

Mechanics' Wages 56, 67, 79, 84 

Medical Colleges 35 

Melons 79 

8 



114 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [176] 

Mercer University 35 

Meriwether County 73 

Metals and Minerals— (See Valuable Minerals.) 17, 56, 66, 100 

Methodist College 36 

Methodist Church 38 

Mica — (See Fannin, Hall Heard, Jackson, Lumpkin, Morgan, 
Tboup, and Union Counties; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 

Michigan, compared with Georgia 34 

Middle Georgia 5, 10, 11, 66 

Miller County 96 

Mills— (See the several Counties.) 28 

Milledgeville 67 

Milton County 60 

Milner 75 

Mineral Waters and Springs 25, 67, 68 

Mississippi Valley — Trade of, its best Outlet through Georgia 3 

Mispickel 23 

Mitchell County 96 

Monroe ...77 

Monroe County 73 

Montezuma 95 

Monticello 72 

Montgomery County 81 

Morgan 92 

Morgan County 74 

Morganton 57 

Mt. Airy 58 

Moultrie 93 

Mount Vernon 81 

Muck — (See Valuable Minerals.) ' 84 

Murray County 64 

Muscogee County 96 

Nashville 91 

Naturalization — (See Aliens) 48, 49 

Navigation of Rivers 28, 29 

Negroes— Education of ... 33, 36 

Negro Population 33 

Newnan 69 

Newspapers in Georgia— (See Errata ; see, also, the several Coun- 
ties and Towns.) 52, 53, 54 

Newton 91 

Newton County 74 

Nickel— (See Pickens County.) 



[177] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 115 

North Georgia 5 

Northeast Georgia 55 

Northwest Georgia 61 

North Georgia Stock and Fair Association 50 

Notaries Public 44 

o 

Ochre .; 65 

Oconee County 74 

Odd Fellows .41 

Officers of the State, appointed by the Governor 42 

Oglethorpe 95 

Oglethorpe County 74 

Olive 90 

Opal— (See Valuable Minerals. ) 23 

Ordinary — Court of 44 

Oxford 74 



Pacific Railroad Company — Terminus on Georgia Coast 3 

Paper Mills 28, 63, 68, 71, 76, 86 

Paulding County ' 64 

Peaches 10, 67, 79 

Perry 94 

Physicians — (See the several Cities and Towns.) 

Pickens County 60 

Pierce County 88 

Pike County 75 

Pio Nono College 36 

Planting — Farming with Slave Labor 27 

Planting— Time of 56, 67, 78, 84, 90 

Plumbago — (See Graphite.) 

Polk County 65 

Population, and Capacity for — of Georgia — (See several counties, 

cities and towns. ) . . 4, 32 

Precious Stones — (See Valuable Minerals.) 23 

Presbyterians 38, 39 

Preston 99 

Productions 9, 10, 11, 12, 56, 66, 67, 78, 84, 89, 90 

Production, under high Culture 12, 13, 14, 15, 56, 67, 78. 90 

Productions— Yield per Acre of various Crops 56, 66, 78, 84, 90 

Protestant Episcopal Church 39 

Public Schools — (See the several counties.) 37 

Pulaski County 81 



116 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [178] 

Putnam County 75 

Q 

Quitman 92 

Quitman County 97 

R 

Rabun County 60 

Railroads 11, 29, 30 

Rain-fall 9 

Randolph County 97 

Reidsville .83 

Religion and Religious Denominations — (See the several coun- 
ties.) 38,39 

Resaca 64 

Resorts — Summer . . 34 

Rice 9, 11, 84 

Rice Mills 76,86 

Richmond County . 82 

Ringgold 62 

Rivers— Navigable 28, 29 

Rockdale County 75 

Roman Catholic Church 39 

Roman Catholic College 36 

Rome 64 

Rutile — (See Valuable Minerals.) 23, 73 



Sandersville 83 

Savannah 87 

Schools — (See Education) — (See the several Counties.) 35, 37 

Schley County 98 

Screven County 82 

Sea Coast 7 

Sea Island Cotton 84 

Serpentine— (See Valuable Minerals. ) . . . .23 

Sheep Husbandry — Manual of 51 

Shipping Fruit 12 

Silver— (See Dawson, Hall, Jackson, Lincoln and Murray 

('OUNTIes; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 22 

Slate— (See Bartow, Floyd, Gilmer, GtOrdon and Polk Coun- 
ties; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 23, 61, 63, 65 



[179] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 117 

Slave Labor — in Agriculture 27 

Slopes, Atlantic and Gulf ; 6 

Snow ...6, 7, 56, 85, 90 

Soap Stone— (See Valuable Minerals.) 64, 66 

Social Circle 77 

Soils and Subsoils 9, 12, 55, 56, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 

Sons of Malta 41 

Southeast Georgia ; 84 

Southeast Georgia, Compared with the Country near Berlin, 

Prussia 84 

Southwest Georgia 89 

South (Lower) Georgia 5, 11, 12 

Southern Pacific Railroad — Terminus on Georgia Coast. 3 

Sparta 71 

Spalding County 76 

Springfield 87 

Spring Place 64 

State Agricultural Society 49, 50 

State Grange 50 

State Horticultural Society 50 

State — Sectional Divisions of 5, 55 

Statenville 87 

Statesboro 79 

Stewart County 98 

St, Mary's 86 

Stock — Grazing in Winter 8 

Stock— Range for 10, 11, 61, 91 

Stock and Fair Association, North Georgia 50 

Stock Raising 61, 95, 96 

Stock— Price of 55, 57 

Stone Mountain 70 

Sugar Cane — (See the several Counties in East Georgia, Southeast 

Georgia and Southwest Georgia. ) 11, 12, 78 

Sulphur 23 

Summer Resorts 34, 56 

Summerville 62 

Sumter County . . 98 

Superior Court 43 

Supreme Court 42 

Swainsboro 80 

Swamp Lands— (See the several Counties). 

Sylvania : 82 



Talbot County 76 

Talbotton 76 



118 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [1^0] 

Taliaferro County 76 

Tatnall Gounty 82 

Taxes 45, 46 

Tea Plant 90 

Telfair County ' 83 

Temperature 7, 8, 56, 67, 79, 85, 90 

Tennille 83 

Terrell County 99 

Thomas County. 99 

Thomaston 77 

Thomasville 99 

Thomson 73 

Timber 6, 16, 17, 66 

Titles to Land 45, 46 

Toccoa 58 

Tobacco 12, 90 

Towns County 60 

Trader's Hill 86 

Transportation 28 

Trenton . 63 

Tripoli — (See Valuable Minerals.) 64, 65 

Troup County 76 

Tunnel Hill 66 

Turpentine Distilleries, Rosin, Naval Stores, etc.... 16, 80, 81, 82, 83 

85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 100 
Twiggs County 83 

u 

Union County 60 

Union Point 71 

Unitarians 39 

Universalists 39 

University — Atlanta — (See Errata. ) . . .36 

University of Georgia 35 

University — Mercer 35 



Valdosta 95 

Valuable Minerals 100 

Vegetables 12, 67 

Vienna 93 

Voters — Qualification of 41 



[181] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 119 

W 

Wages of Laborers and Mechanics 56, 67, 79, 84, 90 

Walker County 65 

Walthourville 88 

Walton County 77 

Ware County 89 

Warren County 77 

Warrenton [ 77 

Washington , 78 

Washington County 88 

Water, of Springs and Wells 10, 25, 56, 78, 85, 90, 91 

Water Powers 11, 25, 26, 67, 90 

Water-Sheds 6 

Waters— Mineral and Medicinal 25, 67, 68 

Watkinsville 74 

Waycross 89 

Wayne County. . . 89 

Waynesboro • 79 

Waynesville . . 89 

Webster County 99 

Wells 46, 47 

Wesleyan Female College — (See Errata.) 36 

West Point ,' 77 

White County 61 

Whitefield County 65 

Wilcox County 99 

Wilkinson County 83 

Wilkes County 77 

Wool 11 

Woolen Factories 28 

Woods, of Georgia 16, 17, 56, 66, 78 

W orth County 100 

Wrightsville 81 



Yield Per Acre of Agricultural Products. . . 66, 66, 78, 84, 90 

z 

Zebulon 75 



EERATA. 

On page 7, the 2nd paragraph, coinmencing witl 
words, "In nothing regarding us," etc., is the beginni 
a chapter on CLIMATE. This title was omitted b 
printer, and not observed by the proof reader, till it w; 
late to correct it. 

On page 36, at the end of the ttth paragraph, the nu 
of students in the Atlanta University is left Hank. 
should have been filled with 244 — the number atte 
the late session. 

On the same page, at the end of the 4th line, unde 
title " Female Colleges," the words " in Georgia " s 
be in the world. 

To the list of newspapers in Georgia, (see page 
and 54) should be added — 

Hinesville, (Liberty county) — Gazette^ weekly. 
Dupont, (Clinch county) — Okeefitiokian., weekly. 
Cumming, (Forsyth county) — Baptist Banner, we( 
Macon — Yery earnest, repeated and persistent i 
were made, but without success, to obtain recent n 
statistics of the city of Macon, before putting this M 
to press ; in consequence of which there are some en 
the same as they appear on page 91. The population 
city by recent census is, 9,535 white, and 8,730 black, 
number of grocery stores given as 6 is a typographical 
It was intended to be 60. This is probably belo 
actual number. 

The law quoted on page 48 from our latest revised 
giving the conditions on which aliens and unnaturalize 
sons may hold real estate, was repealed by a recent 
the Legislature. The following is the present law of 
gia on this subject : 

" Aliens, the subjects of Governments at peace wi 
" United States and this State, so long as their Goverr 
" remain at peace, shall be entitled to all the rights ( 
" zens of other States resident in this State, and shal 
" the privilege of purchasing, holding, and conveyiE 
" estate in this State." 

This gives to aliens or unnaturalized subjects of \ 
Governments, whether resident or not, so long as thei 
ernments continue at peace with the United States a 
State, all rights enjoyed by citizens of this State, exc 
right to vote and hold office, and to perform such civ 
tions as are confined by law to citizens of this State. 
There are some typographical errors, but being o1 
importance, they are not specially noticed. 



EERATA. 

On page 7, the 2iid paragraph, commencing with tlit 
words, "In nothing regarding us,'' etc., is the beginning oi 
a chapter on CLIMATE. This title was omitted by th( 
printer, and not observed by the proof reader, till it was toe 
late to correct it. 

On page 36, at the end of the ith paragraph, the numbei 
of students in the Atlanta University is left blank. Thii 
should have been filled with 244 — the number attending 
the late session. 

On the same page, at the end of the 4th line, under th( 
title " Female Colleges,- ' the words " in Georgia '' shouh 
be ^^i the world. 

To the list of newspapers in Georgia, (see page 52, 5.* 
and 54) should be added — 

Hinesville, (Liberty county) — Gazette^ weekly. 
Dupont, (Clinch county) — Okeefinokian., weekly. 
Cumming, (Forsyth county) — Baptist Banner^ weekly. 
Macon — Very earnest, repeated and persistent effort 
were made, but without success, to obtain recent reliabl 
statistics of the city of Macon, before putting this Manun 
to press ; in consequence of which there are some errors \\ 
the same as they appear on page 91. The population of th 
city by recent census is, 9,535 white, and 8,730 black. Th 
number of grocery stores given as 6 is a typographical erroi 
It w^as intended to be 60. This is probably below th 
actual number. 

The law quoted on page 48 from our latest revised Code 
giving the conditions on which aliens and unnaturalized pei 
sons may hold real estate, was repealed by a recent act o 
the Legislature. Tlie following is the present law of Geoi 
gia on this subject : 

" Aliens, the subjects of Governments at peace with th 
" United States and this State, so long as their Governmeni 
" remain at peace, shall be entitled to all the rights of cit 
" zens of other States resident in this State, and shall hav 
" the privilege of purchasing, holding, and conveying ref 
" estate in this State." 

This gives to aliens or unnaturalized subjects of foreig 
Governments, whether resident or not, so long as their Go^ 
ernments continue at peace with the United States and th 
State, all rights enjoyed by citizens of this State, except th 
right to vote and hold office, and to perform such civil fum 
tions as are confined by law to citizens of this State. 

There are some typographical errors, but being of mini 
importance, they are not specially noticed. 



